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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acceleration of the polyol pathway under hyperglycemia is among the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Although aldose reductase (AR), the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway, is a target for pharmacological intervention of diabetic complications, the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors has not been consistently proved. Because nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in vascular hemodynamics and inflammatory responses that are affected under diabetic conditions, the interaction of NO with AR was investigated with rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Spontaneous NO donors, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and 3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamin e, elicited a dose-dependent increase in AR mRNA to a maximum of 7-fold in 12 h. The activity of AR was elevated after 10 h of SNAP treatment. These effects of NO donors were suppressed by the addition of 2-(trimethylammoniophenyl)-4,4,5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy 3-oxide, a scavenger of NO. Induction of AR mRNA by SNAP was completely abolished by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, but unaffected by guanylate cyclase inhibitors or genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Pretreatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly suppressed the SNAP-induced up-regulation of AR mRNA. Under normal glucose conditions, inclusion of the AR inhibitor ponalrestat augmented the cytotoxic effect of SNAP on the cells. The level of AR mRNA also was elevated in a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. Inhibition of NO synthesis completely abolished the increase in AR mRNA in the stimulated cells. The up-regulation of AR by NO in the vascular lesions may modulate NO-induced cell death and the ensuing vascular remodeling during inflammatory responses.
Mol Pharmacol 2000 Apr
PMID:Nitric oxide up-regulates aldose reductase expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: a potential role for aldose reductase in vascular remodeling. 1072 16

Recent experiments conducted in vitro have documented a marked difference in the time course for D-[U-14C]glucose net uptake by pieces of pancreatic tissue versus isolated pancreatic islets. The present study aimed, therefore, at assessing whether the endocrine pancreas contributes to a detectable extent to the overall net uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) by the pancreatic gland. For this purpose, the radioactive content of the pancreas was compared to that of plasma, erythrocytes, liver, brain, hypophysis and parotid gland 3 min, 15 min and 240 min after the intravenous injection of FDG to both control rats and animals injected with streptozotocin and later treated with insulin or not. In the control rats, the radioactive content (cpm/mg wet wt.) of erythrocytes was always lower than that of liver. In other organs, it displayed the following hierarchy pancreas < parotid < hypophysis < brain, the absolute values being either lower (3 min) or much higher (240 min) than in liver. In the diabetic rats, whether treated with insulin or not, the radioactive content of erythrocytes, pancreas, brain, hypophysis and parotid gland, relative to the paired value found in liver, was equal or lower than that of control rats when the animals were hyperglycemic and equal or higher than that of control rats when the animals became hypoglycemic as the result of intensive insulin treatment. Even only 3 min after the injection of FDG, and despite persistent hyperglycemia in the streptozotocin-injected and insulin-treated rats, the pancreas/ liver paired ratio in radioactive content failed to be significantly lower in the diabetic animals than in control rats. These findings indicate that 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose is not a suitable tool to detect any preferential labelling of insulin-producing cells, relative to acinar cells, at least when considering only the total radioactive content of the pancreatic gland.
Int J Mol Med 2000 May
PMID:Fate of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in control and diabetic rats. 1076 57

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression is regulated in a complex tissue-specific manner, notably by early-life environmental events that program tissue GR levels. We have identified and characterized several new rat GR mRNAs. All encode a common protein, but differ in their 5'-leader sequences as a consequence of alternate splicing of, potentially, 11 different exon 1 sequences. Most are located in a 3-kb CpG island, upstream of exon 2, that exhibits substantial promoter activity in transfected cells. Ribonuclease (RNase) protection analysis demonstrated significant levels of six alternate exons 1 in vivo in rat, with differences between liver, hippocampus, and thymus reflecting tissue-specific differences in promoter activity. Two of the alternate exons 1 (exons 1(6) and 1(10)) were expressed in all tissues examined, together present in 77-87% of total GR mRNA. The remaining GR transcripts contained tissue-specific alternate first exons. Importantly, tissue-specific first exon usage was altered by perinatal environmental manipulations. Postnatal handling, which permanently increases GR in the hippocampus, causing attenuation of stress responses, selectively elevated GR mRNA containing the hippocampus-specific exon 1(7). Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure, which increases hepatic GR expression and produces adult hyperglycemia, decreased the proportion of hepatic GR mRNA containing the predominant exon 1(10), suggesting an increase in a minor exon 1 variant. Such tissue specificity of promoter usage allows differential GR regulation and programming.
Mol Endocrinol 2000 Apr
PMID:5'-heterogeneity of glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA is tissue specific: differential regulation of variant transcripts by early-life events. 1077 Apr 88

Insulin secretion is finely tuned to the requirements of tissues by tight coupling to prevailing blood glucose levels. The normal regulation of insulin secretion is coupled to glucose metabolism in the pancreatic B cell, a major but not exclusive signal for secretion being closure of K+ ATP (adenosine' triphosphate)-dependent channels in the cell membrane through an increase in cytosolic ATP/adenosine diphosphate. Insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes is abnormal in several respects due to genetic causes but also due to the metabolic environment of the pancreatic B cells. This environment may be particularly important for the deterioration of insulin secretion which occurs with increasing duration of diabetes. Factors in the environment with potential importance include overstimulation, a negative effect of hyperglycemia per se ('glucotoxicity') as well as adverse effects of elevated fatty acids ('lipotoxicity'). Elucidating the mechanisms behind these factors as well as their clinical importance will pave the way for treatment which could preserve B-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Mar
PMID:Dysfunctional insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes: role of metabolic abnormalities. 1082 44

We have previously demonstrated that bradykinin blocks hypertrophy of isolated cardiomyocytes: this is dependent on the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the influence of endothelial dysfunction on the antihypertrophic action of bradykinin. Angiotensin II (1 microM) induced a 34 +/- 2% increase in [3H]phenylalanine incorporation (P<0.001), an in vitro marker of hypertrophy, in adult rat cardiomyocytes co-cultured with bovine aortic endothelial cells. This response was blocked by bradykinin (10 microM), but restored by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. N(omega)-monomethyl-L-arginine (100 microM). However, the antihypertrophic effect of bradykinin in co-culture was abolished by 24 h pretreatment of endothelial cells with high glucose (25 mM, to mimic hyperglycemia) and attenuated by hydrogen peroxide (100 microM, to mimic oxidative stress). Pretreatment with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (100 microg/ml for 24 h, to mimic hyperlipidemia) was without effect. The hypertrophic response to angiotensin II was not modified by endothelial cell pretreatment. Furthermore, the ability of bradykinin to elevate cGMP (a marker for nitric oxide) in cardiomyocytes co-cultured with endothelial cells was attenuated by pretreatment with either high glucose or hydrogen peroxide. In conclusion, loss of the cardioprotective action of bradykinin against angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy was associated with impaired nitric oxide release from dysfunctional endothelial cells.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000 Jun
PMID:Endothelial dysfunction limits the antihypertrophic action of bradykinin in rat cardiomyocytes. 1088 62

Experiments were performed to determine the cause of "acid crash", a phenomenon which occasionally occurs in pH-uncontrolled batch fermentations resulting in premature cessation of ABE (acetone butanol) production. The results indicate that "acid crash" occurs when the concentration of undissociated acids in the broth exceeds 57 - 60 mmol/l. Prevention can be achieved by introducing some limited pH control to minimize the concentration of undissociated acids or by slowing the metabolic rate, and thus the rate of acid production, by, for example, lowering the fermentation temperature. "Acidogenic fermentations", which occur when batch fermentations are performed at pH values close to neutrality, are due to rapid production of acids followed by inhibition of solventogenesis when the total acid concentration reaches 240 - 250 mmol/l. Solventogenesis can be achieved at these pH values by lowering the glucose uptake rate / acid production rate by use of e.g. elevated glucose or lowered yeast extract concentrations in the growth medium.
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2000 Jan
PMID:The cause of "acid-crash" and "acidogenic fermentations" during the batch acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE-) fermentation process. 1093 93

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) isolated from flaxseed has antioxidant activity and has been shown to prevent hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. An investigation was made of the effects of SDG on the development of diabetes in diabetic prone BioBreeding rats (BBdp rats), a model of human type I diabetes [insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)] to determine if this type of diabetes is due to oxidative stress and if SDG can prevent the incidence of diabetes. The rats were divided into three groups: Group I, BioBreeding normal rats (BBn rats) (n = 10); group II, BBdp untreated (n = 11); and group III, BBdp treated with SDG 22 mg/kg body wt, orally) (n = 14). Oxidative stress was determined by measuring lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) an index of level of reactive oxygen species in blood and pancreas; and pancreatic chemiluminescence (Pancreatic-CL), a measure of antioxidant reserve. Incidence of diabetes was 72.7% in untreated and 21.4% in SDG-treated group as determined by glycosuria and hyperglycemia. SDG prevented the development of diabetes by approximately 71%. Development of diabetes was associated with an increase in serum and pancreatic MDA and a decrease in antioxidant reserve. Prevention in development of diabetes by SDG was associated with a decrease in serum and pancreatic-MDA and an increase in antioxidant reserve. These results suggest that IDDM is mediated through oxidative stress and that SDG prevents the development of diabetes.
Mol Cell Biochem 2000 Jun
PMID:Oxidative stress as a mechanism of diabetes in diabetic BB prone rats: effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). 1094 5

In mice with too little fat (lipodystrophy) or too much fat (ob/ob), leptin deficiency leads to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. In both disorders, the liver overproduces glucose as a result of resistance to the normal action of insulin in repressing mRNAs for gluconeogenic enzymes. Here we show that chronic hyperinsulinemia downregulates the mRNA for IRS-2, an essential component of the insulin-signaling pathway in liver, thereby producing insulin resistance. Despite IRS-2 deficiency, insulin continues to stimulate production of SREBP-1c, a transcription factor that activates fatty acid synthesis. The combination of insulin resistance (inappropriate gluconeogenesis) and insulin sensitivity (elevated lipogenesis) establishes a vicious cycle that aggravates hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in lipodystrophic and ob/ob mice.
Mol Cell 2000 Jul
PMID:Decreased IRS-2 and increased SREBP-1c lead to mixed insulin resistance and sensitivity in livers of lipodystrophic and ob/ob mice. 1094 29

Genetic analysis of the diabetic GK rat has revealed several diabetes susceptibility loci. Congenic strains have been established for the major diabetes locus, Niddm1, by transfer of GK alleles onto the genome of the normoglycemic F344 rat. Niddm1 was dissected into two subloci, physically separated in the congenic strains Niddm1b and Niddm1i, each with at least one disease susceptibility gene. Here we have mapped Niddm1b to 1 cM by genetic and pathophysiological characterization of new congenic substrains for the locus. The gene encoding insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE:) was located to this 1 cM region, and the two amino acid substitutions (H18R and A890V) identified in the GK allele reduced insulin-degrading activity by 31% in transfected cells. However, when the H18R and A890V variants were studied separately, no effects were observed, demonstrating a synergistic effect of the two variants on insulin degradation. No effect on insulin degradation was observed in cell lysates, indicating that the effect is coupled to receptor-mediated internalization of insulin. Congenic rats with the IDE: GK allele displayed post-prandial hyperglycemia, reduced lipogenesis in fat cells, blunted insulin-stimulated glucose transmembrane uptake and reduced insulin degradation in isolated muscle. Analysis of additional rat strains demonstrated that the dysfunctional IDE: allele was unique to GK. These data point to an important role for IDE: in the diabetic phenotype in GK.
Hum Mol Genet 2000 Sep 01
PMID:Insulin-degrading enzyme identified as a candidate diabetes susceptibility gene in GK rats. 1095 57

Several metabolic abnormalities may be triggered secondary to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Some of these abnormalities may alter expression of vasoactive factors in the target organs of diabetic complications. We investigated alterations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors, ET(A) and ET(B), and associated structural changes in the myocardium of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 6 months of hyperglycemia. We further assessed the preventive effects of an ET-receptor antagonist bosentan on these changes. Compared to the non-diabetic, age- and sex-matched control animals, diabetic rats showed hyperglycemia, glucosuria, reduced body weight gain and elevated glycated Hb levels. Measurement of ET-1, ET(A) and ET(B) mRNAs by semiquantitative RT-PCR showed significantly increased mRNA levels in the hearts of diabetic rats. Treatment with bosentan failed to reduce ET-1 or ET(B) mRNA expression in diabetes, however ET(A) mRNA expression was reduced. Immunocytochemically, ET-1 was detected in the cardiomyocytes, endothelium and smooth muscle cells of the larger blood vessels and was increased in diabetes. Autoradiographic localization of ET-1 receptors, using (125)I-ET-1, showed increased binding in the endothelium and myocardium of diabetic animals. Histologically, focal fibrous scarring with apoptotic cardiomyocytes, consistent with changes secondary to microvascular occlusion, was only present in the diabetic rats. In keeping with focal fibrosis, myocardium from diabetic rats further showed significantly increased mRNA expression of two extracellular matrix protein transcripts, fibronectin and collagen alpha 1(IV) which were completely prevented by treatment with bosentan. These data suggest that hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of the ET-system in the heart may be important in the pathogenesis of cardiac involvement in diabetes.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000 Sep
PMID:Diabetes-induced myocardial structural changes: role of endothelin-1 and its receptors. 1096 25


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