Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of gene 23 of bacteriophage T4 by the methods of Maxam and Gilbert and of Sanger. The identities of approximately 80% of the amino acid residues of the major capsid protein which is encoded by gene 23 were determined additionally by Edman degradation of the intact protein and its peptides. Fifteen gene 23 amber mutation sites have been located within the sequence, and the 3' transcription termination site for genes 21, 22 and 23 has been identified.
J Mol Biol 1984 Dec 15
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage T4 gene 23 and the amino acid sequence of its product. 633 32

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated protein phosphorylation leads to ecdysteroidogenesis (molting hormone biosynthesis) in the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The phosphorylation of 34 and 50 kDa peptides (p34 and p50) paralleled the increase in ecdysteroidogenesis, and the dephosphorylation of p34 and p50 preceded a decrease in ecdysteroidogenesis. Inhibition by rapamycin of p34, but not p50, phosphorylation prevented PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that p34 phosphorylation is requisite for PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Two proteins whose synthesis was rapidly stimulated by PTTH were p50 and p70. The time-course of PTTH-stimulated synthesis of p50 paralleled that of p34 phosphorylation and that of ecdysteroidogenesis. Rapamycin inhibited PTTH-stimulated synthesis of p50 and p70, suggesting that specific protein synthesis is also required for PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis, confirming the results of Rybczynski and Gilbert [(1994) Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 24, 175-189], and that p34 phosphorylation may regulate the downstream synthesis of p50 and p70, possible key regulatory proteins leading to ecdysteroidogenesis. Results from two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE analysis of the ribosomal proteins purified from prothoracic glands, demonstrated that p34 is indeed ribosomal S6, and is phosphorylated at up to five sites (P1-5) upon PTTH stimulation. The multiple phosphorylation of S6 was inhibited completely by rapamycin as shown in 2D gel maps, further confirming that p34 is ribosomal protein S6. Temporal analysis of PTTH-stimulated S6 phosphorylation by 2D-PAGE revealed that phosphorylation of S6 at the P1 site was temporally correlated with the initiation of ecdysteroidogenesis, and that multiple phosphorylation at all five sites (P1-5) was correlated with the maximal synthesis of ecdysteroids. Dephosphorylation of S6 was accompanied by a decrease in ecdysteroidogenesis. These data demonstrate that p34 is ribosomal protein S6 and that both the phosphorylation of S6 and specific protein synthesis are required for PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic gland.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1995 May
PMID:Multiple phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and specific protein synthesis are required for prothoracicotropic hormone-stimulated ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta. 778 42

DNA methylation within GC-rich promoters of constitutively expressed X-linked genes is correlated with transcriptional silencing on the inactive X chromosome in female mammals. For most X-linked genes, X chromosome inactivation results in transcriptionally active and inactive alleles occupying each female nucleus. To examine mechanisms responsible for maintaining this unique system of differential gene expression, we have analyzed the methylation of individual cytosine residues in the 5' CpG island of the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene on the active and inactive X chromosomes. Methylation analysis of 142 CpG dinucleotides by genomic sequencing was carried out on purified DNA using the cytosine-specific Maxam and Gilbert DNA sequencing reaction in conjunction with ligation-mediated PCR. These studies demonstrate the 5' CpG islands of active and 5-azacytidine-reactivated alleles are essentially unmethylated while the inactive allele is hypermethylated. The inactive allele is completely methylated at nearly all CpG dinucleotides except in a 68-bp region containing four adjacent GC boxes where most CpG dinucleotides are either unmethylated or partially methylated. Curiously, these GC boxes exhibit in vivo footprints only on the active X chromosome, not on the inactive X. The methylation pattern of the inactive HPRT gene is strikingly different from that reported for the inactive X-linked human phosphoglycerate kinase gene which exhibits methylation at all CpG sites in the 5' CpG island. These results suggest that the position of methylated CpG dinucleotides, the density of methylated CpGs, the length of methylated regions, and/or chromatin structure associated with methylated DNA may have a role in repressing the activity of housekeeping promoters on the inactive X chromosome. The pattern of DNA methylation on the inactive human HPRT gene may also provide insight into the process of inactivating the gene early in female embryogenesis.
Mol Cell Biol 1994 Feb
PMID:High-resolution methylation analysis of the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene 5' region on the active and inactive X chromosomes: correlation with binding sites for transcription factors. 828 17

The full-length copy of the hemagglutinin gene RNA of the influenza virus A/Alma Ata/1417/84 (Hsw1 N1-serovariant) has been synthesized and cloned on Escherichia coli plasmid pBR327. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned DNA copy was determined by the Maxam-Gilbert procedure. The predicted amino acid, sequence of HA1 hemagglutinin subunit was compared with the sequences of HA1 subunits from other H1N1-subtype influenza virus strains. It has been found that the structure of the HA1-subunit of the studied strain is most similar to the structure of the identical region of the A/New Jersey/18/76 hemagglutinin.
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
PMID:[Synthesis, cloning, and determination of the primary structure of a full-length DNA copy of the gene for influenza A/Alma-Ata/1417/84 virus (H1N1-serovariant HSW1N1) hemagglutinin]. 851 Jun 79

Gilbert's syndrome, which is characterized by chronic, non-hemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Here, we report that all examined patients with this disease carried missense mutations in the gene for UGT and that the mutations were heterozygous. An expression study in COS cells in vitro, using the expression vector pcDL that carried the mutated gene for UGT from a patient, indicated that approximately 14% of the normal UGT activity was expressed. However, the UGT activity of the patient with Gilbert's syndrome was unexpectedly < 50% of the normal, perhaps as the result of the dominant negative nature of the mutation.
Hum Mol Genet 1995 Jul
PMID:Gilbert's syndrome is caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in the gene for bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. 852 6

Very often the experimental step following PCR is sequencing of the amplified fragment. Two protocols that allow direct sequencing of a double-stranded PCR product are described. The first involves removal of one strand of the PCR product using an M13 single-stranded DNA clone, allowing the second strand to be sequenced. The second protocol involves Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing after PCR amplification with one labeled primer. The advantages and disadvantages of the two protocols are compared, but both yield DNA sequence without cloning of the PCR product.
Mol Biotechnol 1996 Apr
PMID:Sequencing of double-stranded PCR products. 873 27

Since most of the examples of "exon shuffling" are between vertebrate genes, the view is often expressed that exon shuffling is limited to the evolutionarily recent lineage of vertebrates. Although exon shuffling in plants has been inferred from the analysis of intron phases of plant genes [Long, M., Rosenberg, C. & Gilbert, W. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12495-12499] and from the comparison of two functionally unknown sunflower genes [Domon, C. & Steinmetz, A. (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244, 312-317], clear cases of exon shuffling in plant genes remain to be uncovered. Here, we report an example of exon shuffling in two important nucleus-encoded plant genes: cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytosolic GAPDH or GapC) and cytochrome c1 precursor. The intron-exon structures of the shuffled region indicate that the shuffling event took place at the DNA sequence level. In this case, we can establish a donor-recipient relationship for the exon shuffling. Three amino terminal exons of GapC have been donated to cytochrome c1, where, in a new protein environment, they serve as a source of the mitochondrial targeting function. This finding throws light upon an old important but unsolved question in gene evolution: the origin of presequences or transit peptides that generally exist in nucleus-encoded organelle genes.
 ...
PMID:Exon shuffling and the origin of the mitochondrial targeting function in plant cytochrome c1 precursor. 875 43

Multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can arise from overexpression of the Pdr5 and Snq2 ATP binding cassette multidrug transporters. Expression of Pdr5 and Snq2 is regulated by the two transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3, as multidrug-resistant pdr1 and pdr3 gain-of-function mutants overexpress both drug efflux pumps. One such pdr1 mutant allele was previously cloned in a genetic screen by its ability to suppress the squelching toxicity mediated by an estradiol-inducible chimeric VP16-human estrogen receptor (VEO) expressed in yeast (Gilbert, D. M. , Heery, D. M., Losson, R., Chambon, P., and Lemoine, Y. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 462-472). In this study, we demonstrate that relief of estradiol toxicity in yeast cells expressing VEO requires functional PDR5 and SNQ2 genes, since a Deltapdr5 Deltasnq2 double deletion leads to an increased estradiol toxicity. Furthermore, using URA3 as an estradiol-inducible reporter gene, we show that Pdr5 and Snq2, when overexpressed from high-copy plasmids, can reduce the intracellular concentration of estradiol. In contrast, a Deltapdr5 Deltasnq2 double deletion mutant accumulates almost 30-fold more intracellular estradiol than the isogenic wild type. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that a pdr1-3 mutant massively overexpresses Pdr5 at the plasma membrane, suggesting that estradiol efflux from the cells occurs across the plasma membrane. Our data demonstrate that Pdr5 and Snq2 can transport steroid substrates in vivo and suggest that steroids and/or related membrane lipids could represent physiological substrates for certain yeast ABC transporters, which are otherwise involved in the development of pleiotropic drug resistance.
 ...
PMID:The ATP binding cassette transporters Pdr5 and Snq2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can mediate transport of steroids in vivo. 881 Feb 73

Computer analyses of the entire GenBank database were conducted to examine correlation between splicing sites and codon positions in reading frames. Intron insertion patterns (i.e., splicing site locations with respect to codon positions) have been analyzed for all of the 74 codons of all the eukaryote taxonomic groups: primates, rodents mammals, vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. We found that reading frames are interrupted by an intron at a codon boundary (as opposed to the middle of a codon) significantly more often than expected. This observation is consistent with the exon shuffling hypothesis, because exons that end at codon boundaries can be concatenated without causing a frame shift and thus are evolutionarily advantageous. On the other hand, when introns interrupt at the middles of codons, they exist in between the first and second bases much more frequently than between the second and third bases, despite the fact that boundaries between the first and second bases of codons are generally far more important than those between the second and third bases. The reason for this is not clear and yet to be explained. We also show that the length of an exon is a multiple of 3 more frequently than expected. Furthermore, the total length of two consecutive exons is also more frequently a multiple of 3. All the observations above are consistent with results recently published by Long, Rosenberg, and Gilbert (1995).
Mol Biol Evol 1996 Nov
PMID:Introns and reading frames: correlation between splicing sites and their codon positions. 889 74

Cellulase and xylanase cDNAs were isolated from a cDNA library of the polycentric anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2 constructed in Escherichia coli. The cellulase cDNA (celB) was 1.8 kb long with an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a polypeptide of 471 amino acids, and the xylanase cDNA (xynA) was 1.2 kb long with an ORF encoding a polypeptide of 362 amino acids. Single transcripts of 1.9 kb for celB and 1.5 kb for xynA were detected in total RNA of Orpinomyces grown on Avicel. Genomic DNA regions coding for CelA and XynA were devoid of introns. The enzymes were highly homologous (80 to 85% identity) to the corresponding enzymes of the monocentric anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum and, like those, contained in addition to a catalytic domain, a noncatalytic repeated peptide domain (NCRPD). The Orpinomyces xylanase contained one catalytic domain and thus differed from the Neocallimastix xylanase, which had two similar catalytic domains (H. J. Gilbert, G. P. Hazlewood, J. I. Lauie, C. G. Orpin, and G. P. Xue, Mol. Microbiol. 6:2065-2072, 1992). Two peptides corresponding to the catalytic domain and the NCRPD of XynA were synthesized, and antibodies against them were raised and affinity column purified. The antibodies against the catalytic domain peptide reacted specifically with the xylanases of Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix, while the antibodies against the NCRPD reacted with many (at least eight) extracellular proteins of Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix, suggesting that the NCRPD is present in a number of polypeptides.
 ...
PMID:Monocentric and polycentric anaerobic fungi produce structurally related cellulases and xylanases. 902 40


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>