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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool for the amplification of trace amounts of nucleic acids, and has rapidly become an essential analytical tool for virtually all aspects of biological research in experimental biology and medicine. Because the application of this technique provides unprecedented sensitivity, it has facilitated the development of a variety of nucleic acid-based systems for diagnostic purposes, such as the detection of viral (1) or bacterial pathogens (2), as well as genetic disorders (3), cancer (4), and forensic analysis (5). These recently developed systems open up the possibility of performing reliable diagnosis even before any symptoms of the disease appear, thus considerably improving the chances of success with treatment. For many routine applications, particularly in the diagnosis of viral infections, the required answer is the presence or the absence of a given sequence in a given sample. Therefore, PCR is in able for the early diagnosis of HCV infection (6), HSV encephalitis (7), or HIV infection of babies of HIV-positive mothers (8). On the other hand, since even minute amounts of DNA are detected, the medical interpretation of positive results for widespread infectious agents like CMV (9) or HHV6 (10) turned out to be rather difficult.
Methods Mol Med 1999
PMID:Quantitative PCR : a survey of the present technology. 2134 Aug 67

Since the use of molecular biology and genetic engineering techniques has become widespread, a new generation of candidate vaccines has been developed, including live viral vectors (1, 2). The basis of using recombinant viruses as potential vaccines involves the incorporation of specific genes from a pathogenic organism into the genome of a nonpathogenic or attenuated virus. The recombinant virus can then infect specific eukaryotic cells either in vivo or in vitro, and cause them to express the recombinant protein. In our laboratory, successful results have been obtained using replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses as immunizing agents for tick-borne encephalitis virus NSl protein (3) and measles virus nucleoprotein (4), both of which elicit a protective immune response.
Methods Mol Med 1996
PMID:Live viral vectors : construction of a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus. 2135 93

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an ubiquitous agent responsible for a wide variety of human infections. In addition to epithelial infections such as gingivostomatitis, pharyngitis, genital herpes, whitlow, conjunctivitis, and keratitis, HSV is an important cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections and accounts for 2-19% of human encephalitis cases (1,2). The clinical spectrum of CNS diseases has been recently expanded; for example, most cases of benign recurrent aseptic meningitis (Mollaret meningitis) are caused by HSV (3), especially HSV-2 (4). Because specific antiviral therapy is available, the rapid, definitive laboratory diagnosis of HSV is important to support clinical findings. Moreover, in the setting of possible HSV encephalitis, patients are often managed as inpatients while awaiting test results.
Methods Mol Med 2001
PMID:A colorimetric microtiter plate polymerase chain reaction system that detects herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid and discriminates genotypes 1 and 2. 2137 Jan 53

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) remains a major human pathogen worldwide (25 causing cold sores, eye and genital infections, blindness, encephalitis, and neonatal infections. Most adults have antibodies against the oral form of the virus HSV-1 (9), and a significant number are infected with the genital form, HSV-2. Both serotypes establish lifelong latent infections and reactivate periodically to produce recurrent disease (25). After infection, virus-encoded glycoproteins are expressed on all cellular membranes and are major targets of the host's immune response. The virion envelope contains 10 glycoproteins that are important for infection and pathogenesis of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Because HSV contains so many glycoproteins, sorting out their functions in virus entry remains a difficult task. Our approach has focused on establishing structure-function relationships of the individual glycoproteins with particular emphasis on gC and gD. After many years of studying the properties of these proteins in HSV-infected and plasmid-transfected mammalian cells, we have now begun to overexpress the proteins using a baculovirus expression system.
Methods Mol Med 1998
PMID:Expression and Purification of Secreted Forms of HSV Glycoproteins from Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells. 2137 26

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a human pathogen that causes diseases ranging in medical importance from herpes labialis, through genital herpes and herpes keratitis, to herpes encephalitis-a life-threatening disease. HSV types 1 and 2 have the ability to enter a latent phase during in vivo infection, during which time the virus is able to evade immune surveillance, and from which state it is able to escape from time to time to cause disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This characteristic makes antiviral chemotherapy an indispensable weapon in the management of recurrent herpesvirus infection.
Methods Mol Med 1998
PMID:Investigation of the Anti-HSV Activity of Candidate Antiviral Agents. 2137 43

It is suspected that apart from tick-borne encephalitis virus several additional European Arboviruses such as the sandfly borne Toscana virus, sandfly fever Sicilian virus and sandfly fever Naples virus, mosquito-borne Tahyna virus, Inkoo virus, Batai virus and tick-borne Uukuniemi virus cause aseptic meningo-encephalitis or febrile disease in Europe. Currently, the microarray technology is developing rapidly and there are many efforts to apply it to infectious diseases diagnostics. In order to arrive at an assay system useful for high throughput analysis of samples from aseptic meningo-encephalitis cases the authors developed a combined multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and flow-through microarray assay for the detection of European Bunyaviruses. These results show that this combined assay indeed is highly sensitive, and specific for the accurate detection of multiple viruses.
Mol Biotechnol 2011 Oct
PMID:Development of a flow-through [corrected] microarray based reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay for the detection of European Bunyaviruses. [corrected]. 2139 Apr 85

The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still elusive. In 2007, Serafini et al demonstrated the direct role of EBV in brain lesions of MS patients. They found positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for latency membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) by in-situ hybridization (ISH) within postmortem brains of MS patients. The goal of this study was to attempt to demonstrate LMP1 by IHC and EBER by ISH in brains of patients with MS, to either support or refute their findings. Seventeen MS (16 brain biopsies and 1 autopsy brain) and 12 autopsy brains with no pathologic abnormalities, as normal controls, were studied. To control for the possibility that inflammation owing to other etiologies could result in EBV-positive cell accumulation, 11 brain biopsies of encephalitis and 4 brain biopsies of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were also studied. Known positive (Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma) and negative (with antibody primary replaced by buffer) controls were used. All positive and negative controls showed appropriate staining. However, there were no positive LMP1 or EBER results in any of the groups studied. The negative results of IHC and ISH in our study sharply contrast to those previously mentioned by Serafini et al, 2007 and suggest that EBV is not directly related to MS as an etiology.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011 May
PMID:Controversial role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis. 2149 80

Toxoplasmosis, caused by infection of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is associated with mild disease in healthy individuals, whereas individuals with depressed immunity may develop encephalitis, neurologic disorders, and other organ diseases. Women who develop acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy are at risk of transmitting the infection to the fetus, which may lead to fetal damage. A diagnosis is usually confirmed by measuring IgG, or IgM where it is important to determine the onset of infection. A negative IgM result essentially excludes acute infection, whereas a positive IgM test is largely uninterpretable because IgM can persist for up to 18 months after infection. To identify antigens for improved diagnosis of acute infection, we probed protein microarrays displaying the polypeptide products of 1357 Toxoplasma exons with well-characterized sera from Turkey. The sera were classified according to conventional assays into (1) seronegative individuals with no history of T. gondii infection; (2) acute infections defined by clinical symptoms, high IgM titers, and low avidity IgG; (3) chronic/convalescent cases with high avidity IgG but persisting IgM; (iv) true chronic infections, defined by high avidity IgG and no IgM. We have identified 38 IgG target antigens and 108 IgM target antigens that can discriminate infected patients from healthy controls, one or more of which could form the basis of a 'tier-1' test to determine current or previous exposure. Of these, three IgG antigens and five IgM antigens have the potential to discriminate chronic/IgM persisting or true chronics from recent acutely infected patients (a 'tier-2' test). Our analysis of the antigens revealed several enriched features relative to the whole proteome, which include transmembrane domains, signal peptides, or predicted localization at the outer membrane. This is the first protein microarray survey of the antibody response to T. gondii, and will help in the development of improved serodiagnostics and vaccines.
Mol Cell Proteomics 2011 Jul
PMID:Identification of potential serodiagnostic and subunit vaccine antigens by antibody profiling of toxoplasmosis cases in Turkey. 2151 35

We characterized the first microsatellite loci in the white-dotted mosquito, Culex restuans, a critical early spring West Nile virus vector. An enrichment protocol yielded 960 positive clones of which we sequenced 300. We designed primers to amplify 29 unique di-, tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellites and chose 17 that amplified consistently across populations and were polymorphic. We developed three multiplex primer combinations for all 17 loci. A survey of 44 individuals revealed two to 20 alleles across loci, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.17 to 0.89. These markers will allow examination of the life history of this mysterious early season encephalitis vector.
Mol Ecol Resour 2009 May
PMID:Microsatellite loci for the white-dotted mosquito (Culex restuans), a principal vector of West Nile virus in North America. 2156 4

Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (Tregs) have been the focus of significant attention for their role in controlling immune responses. Although knowledge of Treg biology has burgeoned, wide gaps remain in our understanding of Treg function under both normal and pathological conditions. Pioneering studies demonstrated roles for Tregs in cancer and autoimmune diseases, including experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and this knowledge is often applied to other pathologies including neurodegenerative conditions. However, differences between immunity in neurodegeneration and in malignancy or autoimmunity are often neglected. Thus, Treg manipulations in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative conditions often yield unexpected outcomes. In this piece, we explore how the immunology of neurodegeneration differs from that of cancer and autoimmunity and how these differences create confusion about the role of Tregs in neurodegenerative conditions.
Trends Mol Med 2011 Oct
PMID:Regulatory T cells in CNS injury: the simple, the complex and the confused. 2174 81


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