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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enlargement of the male breast is frequently encountered in the course of adjuvant antiandrogen therapy for advanced prostate carcinoma. The clinical differential diagnosis in this setting includes hormonal imbalance-induced gynecomastia, primary breast carcinoma, and metastasis of prostatic carcinoma. Biopsy of the lesion with the identification of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plays an important role in establishing the correct diagnosis. Recent studies showed that female mammary epithelium may be a significant source of PSA, but its expression in male breasts has not been sufficiently studied. We found that normal and hyperplastic duct epithelium in gynecomastia exhibited focal, strong (+3) PSA immunoreactivity in 5 of 18 cases (28%). In contrast, no PSA reactivity was found in eight cases of male breast carcinoma. No reactivity was seen with antiprostatic acid phosphatase (PsAP) antibody, in either benign or malignant epithelium. Frequent expression of PSA in gynecomastia may, in an appropriate clinical setting, cause confusion with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. The lack of immunoreactivity for PsAP in male breast epithelium indicates its usefulness in the differential diagnosis.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2000 Jun
PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of prostate-specific antigen in ductal epithelium of male breast. Potential diagnostic pitfall in patients with gynecomastia. 1093 64

Redox modulation has been recognized to be an important mechanism of regulation for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Sulfhydryl reducing agents enhance, whereas oxidizing agents decrease, NMDA-evoked currents. Multiple cysteine residues located in different NMDA receptor subunits have been identified as molecular determinants underlying redox modulation. The NMDA receptor is also regulated by nitric oxide (NO)-related species directly, not involving cyclic GMP, but the molecular mechanism of this action has heretofore not been entirely clear. The confusion arose at least partly due to the fact that various redox forms of NO (NO+, NO*, NO-, each having an additional electron compared with the previous) have distinct mechanisms of action. Recently, a critical cysteine residue (Cys 399) on the NR2A subunit has been shown to react under physiological conditions with NO by S-nitrosylation (transfer of the NO+ to cysteine thiol) or by reaction with NO- (nitroxyl anion) to underlie this form of modulation.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Oct
PMID:Redox modulation of the NMDA receptor. 1109 48

A C-terminally elongated form of peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) was isolated from porcine intestine based on its effect on cAMP production in IMR-32 cells. The structure was determined by amino acid sequence analysis of tryptic fragments and by mass spectrometry. The peptide has 42 amino acid residues like those described from human, rat and mouse, but the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal extension of pig PHI is unique. Unlike the other peptides, it has a C-terminal Ala and it differs at five positions from the human form and at six positions from the rat form, while the human and the rat forms differ by only two substitutions. To avoid confusion arising from different C-terminal residues, a unifying nomenclature is proposed: PHI-27 for the hormone and PHI-42 for the elongated product.
Cell Mol Life Sci 1999 Nov 15
PMID:A C-terminally elongated form of PHI from porcine intestine. 1121 17

Since the demonstration of the multistage nature of carcinogenesis in experimental work on mouse skin carcinogenesis (and subsequently on various other organ systems in other organisms), the concepts of "initiation", "promotion", and "progression" were operationally generated from empiric data. Because these early observations and concepts had no mechanistic explanations, various hypotheses have been generated to explain the unique characteristics of each phase (e.g., initiation, being irreversible, was ascribed as the result of DNA damage leading to mutagenesis; promotion, being interruptible or reversible, was believed to be caused by epigenetic mechanisms; progression, also being irreversible, was believed to be caused by genetic instability that led to mutagenic and epigenetic changes). In addition, many of the molecular, biochemical, and cellular experiments designed to investigate the mechanistic bases of these phases used technologies that did not always lead to unequivocal interpretations, and because "real-life" carcinogenesis does not mimic controlled experimental conditions of the initiation/promotion/progression experiments, many investigators believe that these concepts have lost their usefulness. In this commentary, I explain some of the confusion concerning the concept of promotion and suggest that, by understanding the limitations of many in vitro assays used to characterize mutagens, by integrating other theories of carcinogenesis (i.e., stem cell theory), and by recognizing the role of epigenetic agents, specifically, modulated gap-junctional intercellular communication, the concept of promotion can provide valuable insights into the carcinogenic process. Mol. Carcinog. 30:131--137, 2001.
Mol Carcinog 2001 Mar
PMID:Commentary: is the concept of "tumor promotion" a useful paradigm? 1130 73

To better understand the evolution of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and to test its versatility as a molecular character in phylogenetic and taxonomic studies, we have characterized and compared 70 new partial PEPC nucleotide and amino acid sequences (about 1100 bp of the 3' side of the gene) from 50 plant species (24 species of Bryophyta, 1 of Pteridophyta, and 25 of Spermatophyta). Together with previously published data, the new set of sequences allowed us to construct the up to now most complete phylogenetic tree of PEPC, where the PEPC sequences cluster according to both the taxonomic positions of the donor plants and the assumed specific function of the PEPC isoforms. Altogether, the study further strengthens the view that PEPC sequences can provide interesting information for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relations between organisms and metabolic pathways. To avoid confusion in future discussion, we propose a new nomenclature for the denotation of PEPC isoforms.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001 Aug
PMID:New partial sequences of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as molecular phylogenetic markers. 1147 34

This work describes the use of UV/visible spectroscopy and calorimetry to follow the onset of crystallization of a commercially available compound, N(1)-2-(thiazolyl)sulfanilamide (sulfathiazole), during crystallization reactions performed using an automated reaction platform. Sulfathiazole has been the subject of numerous publications through which considerable confusion about the morphic form is apparent. This work does not attempt to investigate exhaustively the polymorph issue, but rather to exploit the use of the HEL auto-MATE for monitoring the onset of crystal formation. Real-time calorimetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy are compared as tools for determining the onset of crystallization. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry, dispersive Raman, and infrared spectroscopy analysis serve to identify the crystal forms generated by the HEL auto-MATE. A solvent-anti-solvent matrix and several bench-top crystallization experiments were performed to supplement the investigation in terms of generating the desired polymorphs.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2001 Aug
PMID:Determination of the onset of crystallization of N1-2-(thiazolyl)sulfanilamide (sulfathiazole) by UV-Vis and calorimetry using an automated reaction platform; subsequent characterization of polymorphic forms using dispersive Raman spectroscopy. 1150 30

The most economically important group of species in the genus Amaranthus is the A. hybridus species complex, including three cultivated grain amaranths, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, and A. hypochondriacus, and their putative wild progenitors, A. hybridus, A. quitensis, and A. powellii. Taxonomic confusion exists among these closely related taxa. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and double-primer fluorescent intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) were employed to reexamine the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of grain amaranths and their wild relatives. Low ITS divergence in these taxa resulted in poorly resolved phylogeny. However, extensive polymorphisms exist at AFLP and ISSR loci both within and among species. In phylogenetic trees based on either AFLP or ISSR or the combined data sets, nearly all intraspecific accessions can be placed in their corresponding species clades, indicating that these taxa are well-separated species. The AFLP trees share many features in common with the ISSR trees, both showing a close relationship between A. caudatus and A. quitensis, placing A. hybridus in the same clade as all grain amaranths, and indicating that A. powellii is the most divergent taxon in the A. hybridus species complex. This study has demonstrated that both AFLP and double-primer fluorescent ISSR have a great potential for generating a large number of informative characters for phylogenetic analysis of closely related species, especially when ITS diversity is insufficient.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001 Dec
PMID:Comparative analysis of phylogenetic relationships of grain amaranths and their wild relatives (Amaranthus; Amaranthaceae) using internal transcribed spacer, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and double-primer fluorescent intersimple sequence repeat markers. 1174 80

Ingestion of trimethyltin (TMT) produces mental confusion and temporal lobe seizures in humans. In rats, it causes increased seizure susceptibility, hyperactivity, aggression, learning impairment, and neuronal loss especially of hippocampal CA3c pyramidal cells and in the piriform cortex. As some of these symptoms may be due to impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, mRNA levels of the nine major GABA(A) receptor subunits, of GABA(B) receptors 1 and 2, and the 65- and 67-kD glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) variants were investigated by in situ hybridization 2, 5, and 16 days after TMT administration. GAD-65 mRNA levels were enhanced in hippocampal interneurons by up to 46% 5 days after TMT application, suggesting increased activity of respective neurons. In the granule cell layer, only the GABA(A) receptor subunit delta mRNA was altered (decreased by 48%). In the hippocampal sector CA3c and in the piriform cortex, mRNA levels of GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha1, alpha5, beta1, beta2, beta3, gamma2 and of both GABA(B) receptors declined (by 46-72%) after 5-16 days, being consistent with the extensive cell loss. In contrast, subunit alpha2 mRNA levels decreased already after 2 days at an extent exceeding the cell loss in CA3. Subunit alpha4 mRNA levels increased (about two-fold) in surviving CA3 neurons. In sector CA1, mRNA levels of subunits alpha1, alpha5, beta2, beta3, and gamma2 decreased by 35-54% in spite of only a minor (9%) cell loss. The data indicate neurodegeneration related decreases in mRNA levels in sector CA3 and piriform cortex, whereas decreases in sector CA1 may be a consequence of impaired excitatory input to this area.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001 Dec 16
PMID:Changes in the GABA-ergic system induced by trimethyltin application in the rat. 1174 56

The use and interpretation of cytokeratin (CK) immunostains of sentinel lymph node specimens for breast carcinoma remain controversial. Variable immunoreactivity with anti-CK antibodies and CK-positive interstitial reticulum cells may complicate interpretation. The authors examined a series of reactive lymph nodes selected from patients without a history of malignancy. To demonstrate potential diagnostic pitfalls, three different CK antibody combinations were studied to characterize the immunostaining patterns. Formalin-fixed sections of lymph nodes were immunostained with a labeled streptavidin-biotin method using a DAKO autostainer. The anti-CK antibody preparations evaluated were AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, and an in-house-prepared CK cocktail composed of 7 antibodies. The authors observed that up to 10% of cells in benign, reactive lymph nodes may be immunoreactive with anti-CK antibodies. AE1/AE3 stained 2 of 20 cases with rare immunoreactive reticulum cells, whereas CAM 5.2 and the CK cocktail immunostained cells in 85% of cases with reticulum cells in sinuses and the paracortex. Rare positive to 2+ cells were present in a similar distribution with these two antibodies. Careful interpretation of CK immunostaining of sentinel lymph node biopsies is essential, as is awareness of the presence of CK-positive native reticulum cells, to avoid confusion with single cells of metastatic carcinoma.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2001 Dec
PMID:Cytokeratin immunostaining patterns of benign, reactive lymph nodes: applications for the evaluation of sentinel lymph node specimen. 1175 54

To the uninitiated researcher, bioethics can be a confusing and sometimes bureaucratic process. The recent debates in international research ethics have both increased understanding of contentious issues while extending confusion to the international arena. Here, we attempt to demystify bioethics, or more specifically international research ethics, by defining ethics in the context of morality, reviewing core Western ethical principles, and highlighting challenges in international research ethics.
Trends Mol Med 2002 Feb
PMID:International research ethics: progress, but not perfection. 1181 76


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