Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05412 (c-Jun)
 11,453 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small ubiquitous dithiol protein which together with the FAD-containing enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TR) and NADPH (the Trx system) is a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase essential for DNA synthesis and a general protein disulfide reductase involved in redox regulation. Selenite, selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG) and selenocystine are efficiently reduced by thioredoxins and also directly by NADPH and mammalian TR but not by the E. coli enzyme. Incubation of selenite or GS-Se-SG with the Trx system or with mammalian TR results in a rapid formation of selenide, which by redox cycling with oxygen may cause a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH. Selenocystine is efficiently reduced into two molecules of the selenol amino acid selenocysteine by mammalian TR with a K(m)-value (6 mumol.L-1) and a high turnover number (kappa cat 3200 min-1) almost identical to the natural substrate Trx-S2. TR also directly reduces lipid hydroperoxides and this peroxidase reaction is strongly stimulated by the presence of catalytic amounts of free selenocysteine. Glutaredoxin (Grx) which catalyzes GSH-dependent disulfide reduction also via a redox-active disulfide and Trx are both efficient electron donors to the human plasma glutathione peroxidase providing a mechanism by which human plasma glutathione peroxidase may reduce hydroperoxides in an environment almost free from glutathione. Selenate is reduced by Grx and Trx in the presence of GSH. The DNA-binding of the transcription factor AP-1 is strongly inhibited by GS-Se-SG and selenite. Furthermore, selenide formed by TR-mediated reduction of selenite and GS-Se-SG inhibits lipoxygenase and changes the electron spin resonance spectrum of the active site iron. Mammalian TR with two subunits of 57 kDa has recently been cloned and shown to be homologous to glutathione reductase. The rat enzyme contains a selenocysteine residue in a unique Cterminal position and a conserved SECIS sequence directing insertion of the selenocysteine. The discovery of selenocysteine in mammalian TR may explain the broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and the requirement of selenium for cell proliferation.
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PMID:Selenium and the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. 931 20

We have shown previously that the heavy metal-responsive transcriptional activator MTF-1 regulates the basal and heavy metal-induced expression of metallothioneins. To investigate the physiological function of MTF-1, we generated null mutant mice by targeted gene disruption. Embryos lacking MTF-1 die in utero at approximately day 14 of gestation. They show impaired development of hepatocytes and, at later stages, liver decay and generalized edema. MTF-1(-/-) embryos fail to transcribe metallothionein I and II genes, and also show diminished transcripts of the gene which encodes the heavy-chain subunit of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a key enzyme for glutathione biosynthesis. Metallothionein and glutathione are involved in heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen intermediates. Accordingly, primary mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking MTF-1 show increased susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of cadmium or hydrogen peroxide. Thus, MTF-1 may help to control metal homeostasis and probably cellular redox state, especially during liver development. We also note that the MTF-1 null mutant phenotype bears some similarity to those of two other regulators of cellular stress response, namely c-Jun and NF-kappaB (p65/RelA).
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PMID:Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the metal-responsive transcriptional activator MTF-1. 958 78

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the naturally occurring yellow pigment in turmeric and curry, is isolated from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa Linn. Curcumin inhibits tumorigenesis during both initiation and promotion (post-initiation) periods in several experimental animal models. Topical application of curcumin inhibits benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-mediated formation of DNA-B[a]P adducts in the epidermis. It also reduces 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced increases in skin inflammation, epidermal DNA synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA level, ODC activity, hyperplasia, formation of c-Fos, and c-Jun proteins, hydrogen peroxide, and the oxidized DNA base 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HmdU). Topical application of curcumin inhibits TPA-induced increases in the percent of epidermal cells in synthetic (S) phase of the cell cycle. Curcumin is a strong inhibitor of arachidonic acid-induced edema of mouse ears in vivo and epidermal cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in vitro. Commercial curcumin isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa Linn contains 3 major curcuminoids (approximately 77% curcumin, 17% demethoxycurcumin, and 3% bisdemethoxycurcumin). Commercial curcumin, pure curcumin, and demethoxycurcumin are about equipotent as inhibitors of TPA-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin, whereas bisdemethoxycurcumin is somewhat less active. Topical application of curcumin inhibits tumor initiation by B[a]P and tumor promotion by TPA in mouse skin. Dietary curcumin (commercial grade) inhibits B[a]P-induced forestomach carcinogenesis, N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)-induced duodenal carcinogenesis, and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Dietary curcumin had little or no effect on 4-(methylnitosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung carcinogenesis and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinogenesis in mice. Poor circulating bioavailability of curcumin may account for the lack of lung and breast carcinogenesis inhibition.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of curcumin on tumorigenesis in mice. 959 Nov 90

1. Cyclosporine A (CsA) increases eNOS mRNA expression in bovine cultured aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). As some effects of CsA may be mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), present experiments were devoted to test the hypothesis that the CsA-induced eNOS up-regulation could be dependent on an increased synthesis of ROS. 2. CsA induced a dose-dependent increase of ROS synthesis, with the two fluorescent probes used, DHR123 (CsA 1 microM: 305+/-7% over control) and H2DCFDA (CsA 1 microM: 178+/-6% over control). 3. Two ROS generating systems, xanthine plus xanthine oxidase (XXO) and glucose oxidase (GO), increased the expression of eNOS mRNA in BAEC, an effect which was maximal after 8 h of incubation (XXO: 168+/-21% of control values. GO: 208+/-18% of control values). The ROS-dependent increased eNOS mRNA expression was followed by an increase in eNOS activity. 4. The effect of CsA on eNOS mRNA expression was abrogated by catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In contrast, the antioxidant PDTC augmented eNOS mRNA expression, both in basal conditions and in the presence of CsA. 5. The potential participation of the transcription factor AP-1 was explored. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were consistent with an increase in AP-1 DNA-binding activity in BAEC treated with CsA or glucose oxidase. 6. The present results support a role for ROS, particularly superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, as mediators of the CsA-induced eNOS mRNA up-regulation. Furthermore, they situate ROS as potential regulators of gene expression in endothelial cells, both in physiological and pathophysiological situations.
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PMID:Role of reactive oxygen species in the signalling cascade of cyclosporine A-mediated up-regulation of eNOS in vascular endothelial cells. 964 67

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress induces apoptosis in the H9c2 cardiac muscle cell line, and that signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways is involved. Three forms of oxidative stress were utilized: the superoxide generator menadione; hydrogen peroxide; or simulated ischemia followed by reperfusion. Relatively low concentrations of menadione (10 micrometer) or H2O2 (250 micrometer) caused maximal DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, both markers for apoptotic cell death, and preferential activation of the c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways. In contrast, higher concentrations of menadione or H 2O2 caused less DNA fragmentation, more necrotic cell death and preferential activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Simulated ischemia alone did not induce DNA fragmentation or caspase activation and activated only the p38 MAPK pathway. However, ischemia plus reperfusion resulted in DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, necrotic cell death and activation of all three MAPK pathways. Selective inhibition of the ERK or p38 MAPK pathways (by PD98059 or SB-203580, respectively) had no effect on the extent of oxidative stress-induced DNA fragmentation or caspase activation. In contrast, inhibition of the JNK pathway by transfection of a dominant negative mutant of JNK markedly reduced the extent of DNA fragmentation and caspase activation induced by oxidative stress. In conclusion, these data suggest that the JNK pathway plays an important role in signaling oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cardiac muscle cells.
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PMID:Oxidative stress induces DNA fragmentation and caspase activation via the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells. 976 35

The aim of this study was to reveal the role of intracellular glutathione in the oxidative stress responses of gastric epithelial cells. Metabolic radiolabeling with L-[35S]methionine and analysis of synthesized proteins by gel electrophoresis and fluorography showed that upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or diamide, primary cultures of guinea-pig gastric epithelial cells rapidly induced several undefined proteins, as well as heat shock proteins. When intracellular glutathione was depleted to less than 10% of the control value by treatment with buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, these inductions were completely inhibited. Gel mobility shift assay demonstrated that H2O2 and diamide rapidly activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and diamide activated activator protein (AP)-1, and c-Jun/activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, suggesting that the response may be coupled to these reduction-oxidation (redox)-sensitive transcription factors, as well as heat shock transcription factor 1. The activations of NF-kappaB, AP-1, and c-Jun/ATF-2 by the oxidants did not occur in glutathione-depleted cells. Northern blot analysis showed that glutathione depletion markedly or completely suppressed the diamide-induced expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNAs. These results suggest that intracellular glutathione redox may participate in the initiation of oxidative stress responses; thereby, it plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense.
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PMID:Glutathione depletion inhibits oxidant-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B, AP-1, and c-Jun/ATF-2 in cultured guinea-pig gastric epithelial cells. 977 50

The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is activated by oxidative stress or cytokines and is critical to the activation of inflammatory genes. Here, we report that hydrogen peroxide or 3-morpholinosydnonimine, which simultaneously releases nitric oxide and superoxide, synergize with the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha to activate NF-kappaB in rat lung epithelial cells, suggesting that signaling pathways elicited by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are different from TNF-induced signaling. These findings were substantiated by observations that levels of IkappaB-alpha did not change after exposure to ROS/RNS, whereas a rapid depletion of IkappaB-alpha was observed in cells exposed to TNF. In addition, the proteosome inhibitor MG132 did not affect activation of NF-kappaB by ROS/RNS, whereas it abolished the TNF response. Transfection of a dominant negative Ras construct prevented the activation of NF-kappaB by ROS/RNS, demonstrating the requirement for Ras in the activation of NF-kappaB by oxidants. In contrast, TNF activated NF-kappaB in a Ras-independent fashion. Evaluation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as downstream effectors of Ras revealed the requirement of MAPK/ extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase kinase (MEKK)1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases in the induction of NF-kappaB by both oxidants and TNF, whereas the MEK-ERK pathway negatively regulates NF-kappaB. Our findings demonstrate that cytokines and oxidants cooperate in the activation of transcription factors through distinct pathways, and suggest that anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies may be required in concert to prevent the activation of NF-kappaB-regulated genes important in the development of inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Cooperativity between oxidants and tumor necrosis factor in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB: requirement of Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases in the activation of NF-kappaB by oxidants. 1022 64

A new type of peroxiredoxin, named 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx), reduces hydrogen peroxide with the use of electrons from unidentified electron donor(s). We have isolated the mouse gene encoding 1-Cys Prx (CP-3) and shown that it is comprised of five exons and four introns. Analysis of 5' flanking regions revealed binding sequences of several putative transcription factors such as Sp1, Pit-1a, c-Jun, c-Myc and YY1. It is noticeable that several potential Sp1 binding sites assigned the -60 through -96bp from putative transcription initiation site. The gel shift assays showed that Sp1 and Pit-1a bind specifically to each binding site in 1-Cys Prx promoter. We also isolated two highly related genes such as CP-2 and CP-5. These genes are encoded by single exons, and show 85% of nucleotide sequence homology with the CP-3. The structural features of these genes suggest that they might be intronless genes derived from the CP-3 by the mechanism involving retrotransposition. In addition, our data suggest that they are inserted to a specific site of the mouse L1 repetitive element. The 1-Cys Prx was actively transcribed in a variety of adult tissues as well as in the developing embryos. These results suggest that only the 1-Cys Prx gene might be relevant for studying the function of the 1-Cys Prx in the murine system.
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PMID:Characterization of the murine gene encoding 1-Cys peroxiredoxin and identification of highly homologous genes. 1039 7

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE alias Ref-1) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in DNA repair and redox regulation of transcription factors (e.g., AP-1). It also acts as a repressor of its own and other genes. Recently, it was shown that the level of APE mRNA and protein is enhanced upon treatment of cells with oxidative agents, such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which gives rise to an adaptive response of cells to oxidative stress. Induction of APE is due to APE promoter activation. To elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional activation of APE by oxidative agents, we introduced mutations into the cloned human APE promoter and checked its activity in transient transfection assays. Here we demonstrate that mutational inactivation of a CREB binding site (CRE) present within the promoter completely abolished APE promoter activation by H(2)O(2), indicating that CREB is required for APE induction. The CRE element in the context of the APE promoter sequence binds c-Jun and ATF-2, which was shown in gel retardation experiments. Under conditions of induction of APE by H(2)O(2), the expression of c-Jun was significantly enhanced, which supports the view that induction of c-Jun is involved in signaling leading to APE promoter activation by oxidative stress.
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PMID:Transcriptional activation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape, Ref-1) by oxidative stress requires CREB. 1044 16

Irradiation of mammalian cells with ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) triggers the activation of a group of stress-activated protein kinases known as c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNKs). UV-B activates JNKs via UV-B-induced ribotoxic stress. Because oxidative stress also activates JNKs, we have addressed the question of whether the ribotoxic and the oxidative stress responses are mechanistically similar. The pro-oxidants sodium arsenite, cadmium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide activated JNK1 with slow kinetics, whereas UV-B potentiated the activity of JNK1 rapidly. N-acetyl cysteine (a scavenger of reactive oxygen intermediates) abolished the ability of all oxidative stressors tested to activate JNK1, but failed to affect the activation of JNK1 by UV-B or by another ribotoxic stressor, the antibiotic anisomycin. In contrast, emetine, an inhibitor of the ribotoxic stress response, was unable to inhibit the activation of JNK1 by oxidative stressors. Although UV-A and long wavelength UV-B are the spectral components of the ultraviolet solar radiation that cause significant oxidative damage to macromolecules, the use of a filter to eliminate the radiation output from wavelengths below 310 nm abolished the activation of JNK1 by UV. Our results are consistent with the notion that UV-B and oxidative stressors trigger the activation of JNK1 through different signal transduction pathways.
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PMID:Different mechanisms of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) activation by ultraviolet-B radiation and by oxidative stressors. 1046 19


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