Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UNIPROT:P05412 (c-Jun)
11,453 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the synergistic upregulation of preproET-1 gene expression in human mesangial cells after co-stimulation with thrombin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Whereas thrombin induced a moderate upregulation of preproET-1 mRNA, co-stimulation with TNFalpha resulted in a strong and protracted upregulation of this mRNA species. Thrombin+TNFalpha-induced upregulation of preproET-1 expression was found to require p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinases C, whereas activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, or intracellular Ca(2+) release were not required. Actinomycin D chase experiments suggested that enhanced stability of preproET-1 mRNA did not account for the increase in transcript levels. PreproET-1 promoter analysis demonstrated that the 5'-flanking region of preproET-1 encompassed positive regulatory elements engaged by thrombin. Negative modulation of thrombin-induced activation exerted by the distal 5' portion of preproET-1 promoter (-4.4 kbp to 204 bp) was overcome by co-stimulation with TNFalpha, providing a possible mechanism underlying the synergistic upregulation of preproET-1 expression by these two agonists. In conclusion, human mesangial cell expression of preproET-1 may be increased potently in the presence of two common proinflammatory mediators, thereby providing a potential mechanism for ET-1 production in inflammatory renal disease.
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PMID:PreproEndothelin-1 expression in human mesangial cells: evidence for a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/protein kinases-C-dependent mechanism. 1137 37

We examined the time-course activation and the cell-type specific role of MAP kinases in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced renal disease. The maximal activation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 MAP kinase was detected on Days 52, 38, and 38 after PAN-treatment, respectively. p-JNK was localized in mesangial and proximal tubular cells at the early renal injury. It was expressed, therefore, in the inflammatory cells of tubulointerstitial lesions. While, p-ERK was markedly increased in the glomerular regions and macrophages p-p38 was observed in glomerular endothelial cells, tubular cells, and some inflammatory cells. The results show that the activation of MAP kinases in the early renal injury by PAN-treatment involves cellular changes such as cell proliferation or apoptosis in renal native cells. The activation of MAP kinases in infiltrated inflammatory cells and fibrotic cells plays an important role in destructive events such as glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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PMID:Cell-type-specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in PAN-induced progressive renal disease in rats. 1535 92

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family is constituted by cytokine-inducible proteins that modulate receptor signal transduction via tyrosine kinases, mainly the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Differential SOCS expression was noted in renal cells that were incubated with inflammatory stimuli, but the role of SOCS in the pathogenesis of renal diseases is not yet well defined. Because angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a key role in renal disease, SOCS proteins were studied as a novel mechanism involved in the negative regulation of Ang II-mediated processes. Systemic Ang II infusion for 3 d increased the renal mRNA expression of SOCS-3 and SOCS-1. SOCS protein synthesis was found in glomerular mesangial area and tubules. In cultured mesangial cells and tubular epithelial cells, Ang II induced a rapid and transient SOCS-3 and SOCS-1 expression in parallel with JAK2 and STAT1 activation. In both cell types, overexpression of SOCS proteins prevented the STAT activation in response to Ang II. SOCS expression observed in Ang II-infused rats and in Ang II-stimulated cells was significantly inhibited by treatment with AT(1) but not AT(2) receptor antagonist and was attenuated in mesangial cells from AT(1a)-deficient mice, demonstrating the implication of AT(1) in those responses. In SOCS-3 knockdown studies, antisense oligonucleotides inhibited the expression of SOCS-3 and increased the Ang II-induced STAT activation and c-Fos/c-Jun expression, then resulting in a more severe renal damage. These results suggest that SOCS proteins may act as negative regulators of Ang II signaling in renal cells and implicate SOCS as important modulators of renal damage.
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PMID:Suppressors of cytokine signaling regulate angiotensin II-activated Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway in renal cells. 1582 1

All-trans retinoic acid (AR-t) is used for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia and renal cell carcinoma and it also has therapeutic value in several animal models of renal disease. Among its renal targets, mesangial cells have been widely studied: they have both retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) and the cell growth is inhibited when human mesangial cells are incubated with 1-10 microM AR-t. Although his effect has been related with the antiproliferative action of AR-t, there are no studies on the involvement of apoptosis in AR-t induced cell growth when higher concentrations of retinoid are used. Our studies show that 25 microM AR-t triggers mesangial cell apoptosis assessed by light and fluorescence microscopy (Giemsa stain and acridine orange stain, respectively), DNA electrophoresis, flow cytometry (annexin-V) and immunocytochemistry (TUNEL). AR-t induced apoptosis was not inhibited by preincubation with the RXR pan-antagonist HX531 nor with the RAR pan-antagonist AGN 193109, this suggesting RAR and RXIR are not involved in AR-t induced cell death. Previous results of our group showed that ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) and INK (c-Jun kinase), two members of the MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinase family, are involved in non apoptotic effects of AR-t on mesangial cells. Therefore we focussed on the stress activated p38 kinase, the third member of the MAPK family, to investigate its involvement in AR-t induced apoptosis. The results confirmed a role of p38 since: 1) preincubation with B5203589, a p38 inhibitor, inhibited ARA induced apoptosis; 2) incubation with AR-t induced p38 phosphorilation after few minutes and p38 remained phosphorilated for at least 8 hours and 3) AR-t induced p38 phosphorilation was inhibited by SB203589. These data suggest that AR-t might have toxic side effects on the kidney but also suggest that AR-t could be an useful inhibitor of pathological mesangial cell expansion.
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PMID:[All-trans retinoic acid induces apoptosis in human mesangial cells: involvement of stress activated p38 kinase]. 1591 49

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a mediator of the final common pathway of fibrosis associated with progressive renal disease, a process in which proximal tubular cells (PTCs) are known to play an important part. The aim of the current study was to examine the mechanism of PTC TGF-beta1 autoinduction. The addition of TGF-beta1 led to increased amounts of TGF-beta1 mRNA and increased de novo protein synthesis. The addition of TGF-beta1 led to increased phosphorylation of R-Smads and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase pathways. Use of a dominant-negative Smad3 (Smad3 DN) expression vector, Smad3 small interfering RNA, and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAP kinase pathways with the chemical inhibitors PD98059 or SB203580 suggested that activation of these signaling pathways occurred independently. Smad3 DN expression, Smad3 small interfering RNA, or the addition of PD98059 inhibited TGF-beta1-dependent stimulation of TGF-beta1 mRNA. Furthermore, Smad3 blockade specifically inhibited activation of the transcription factor AP-1 by TGF-beta1, whereas PD98059 prevented TGF-beta1-dependent nuclear factor-kappaB activation. In contrast inhibition of p38 MAP kinase inhibited de novo TGF-beta1 protein synthesis but did not influence TGF-beta1 mRNA expression or activation of either transcription factor. In summary, in PTCs, TGF-beta1 autoinduction requires the coordinated action of independently regulated Smad and non-Smad pathways. Furthermore these pathways regulate distinct transcriptional and translational components of TGF-beta1 synthesis.
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PMID:ERK, p38, and Smad signaling pathways differentially regulate transforming growth factor-beta1 autoinduction in proximal tubular epithelial cells. 1700 85

Hypertension is known to exacerbate diabetic complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Apoptosis of retinal vascular pericytes has been well established as the earliest conceivable change in diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we investigated the contribution of cyclic stretch, which mimics a hypertensive state to pericyte apoptosis. A 48-hour cyclic stretch induced DNA fragmentation in porcine retinal pericytes and increased the number of TUNEL+ cells at a pathophysiologically relevant extension level (10%/60 cycles per minute). Stretch also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and increased c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase phosphorylation in a time- and magnitude-dependent manner, which were reduced by the nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium or dominant-negative protein kinase C-delta. Stretch activated protein kinase C-delta and increased its association with p47phox. Stretch induced cleavage of caspase-9 and -3 and increased caspase-3 activity. Protein kinase C-delta or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase inhibition normalized stretch-induced caspase-3 activity and prevented stretch-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that cyclic stretch induces apoptosis in porcine retinal pericytes by activation of the reactive oxygen species-c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-caspase cascades, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism to explain the exacerbation of early diabetic retinopathy by concomitant hypertension.
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PMID:Cyclic stretch-induced reactive oxygen species generation enhances apoptosis in retinal pericytes through c-jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. 1715 82

The transcription factor c-Jun regulates the expression of genes involved in proliferation and inflammation in many cell types but its role in human renal disease is largely unclear. In the current study we investigated whether c-Jun activation is associated with human renal disease and if c-Jun activation regulates pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes in renal cells. Activation of c-Jun was quantified by scoring renal expression of phosphorylated c-Jun (pc-Jun) in control human renal tissue and in biopsies from patients with various renal diseases (diabetic nephropathy, focal glomerulosclerosis, hypertension, IgA nephropathy, membranous glomerulopathy, minimal change disease, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, acute rejection, and Wegener's granulomatosis); this was correlated with parameters of renal damage. Furthermore, we studied the functional role of c-Jun activation in human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) stimulated with TGF-beta. Activated c-Jun was present in nuclei of glomerular and tubular cells in all human renal diseases, but only sporadically in controls. Across the diseases, the extent of pc-Jun expression correlated with the degree of focal glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, cell proliferation, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) expression, macrophage accumulation, and impairment of renal function. In HK-2 cells, TGF-beta induced c-Jun activation after 1 h (+40%, p < 0.001) and 24 h (+160%, p < 0.001). The specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 abolished c-Jun phosphorylation at all time points and blunted TGF-beta- or BSA-induced procollagen-1alpha 1 and MCP-1 gene expression in HK-2 cells. We conclude that in human renal disease, the transcription factor c-Jun is activated in glomerular and tubular cells. Activation of c-Jun may be involved in the regulation of inflammation and/or fibrosis in human renal disease.
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PMID:Glomerular and tubular induction of the transcription factor c-Jun in human renal disease. 1789 46

P38alpha is a protein kinase that regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we describe the preclinical pharmacology of pamapimod, a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. Pamapimod inhibited p38alpha and p38beta enzymatic activity, with IC(50) values of 0.014 +/- 0.002 and 0.48 +/- 0.04 microM, respectively. There was no activity against p38delta or p38gamma isoforms. When profiled across 350 kinases, pamapimod bound only to four kinases in addition to p38. Cellular potency was assessed using phosphorylation of heat shock protein-27 and c-Jun as selective readouts for p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), respectively. Pamapimod inhibited p38 (IC(50), 0.06 microM), but inhibition of JNK was not detected. Pamapimod also inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha production by monocytes, interleukin (IL)-1beta production in human whole blood, and spontaneous TNFalpha production by synovial explants from RA patients. LPS- and TNFalpha-stimulated production of TNFalpha and IL-6 in rodents also was inhibited by pamapimod. In murine collagen-induced arthritis, pamapimod reduced clinical signs of inflammation and bone loss at 50 mg/kg or greater. In a rat model of hyperalgesia, pamapimod increased tolerance to pressure in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an important role of p38 in pain associated with inflammation. Finally, an analog of pamapimod that has equivalent potency and selectivity inhibited renal disease in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Our study demonstrates that pamapimod is a potent, selective inhibitor of p38alpha with the ability to inhibit the signs and symptoms of RA and other autoimmune diseases.
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PMID:Pamapimod, a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor: preclinical analysis of efficacy and selectivity. 1877 65

Two major stress-activated protein kinases are the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK). p38 and JNK are widely expressed in different cell types in various tissues and can be activated by a diverse range of stimuli. Signaling through p38 and JNK is critical for embryonic development. In adult kidney, p38 and JNK signaling is evident in a restricted pattern suggesting a normal physiological role. Marked activation of both p38 and JNK pathways occurs in human renal disease, including glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and acute renal failure. Administration of small molecule inhibitors of p38 and JNK has been shown to provide protection from renal injury in different types of experimental kidney disease through inhibition of renal inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. In particular, a role for JNK signaling has been identified in macrophage activation resulting in up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and the induction of renal injury. The ability to provide renal protection by blocking either p38 or JNK indicates a lack of redundancy for these two signaling pathways despite their activation by common stimuli. Therefore, the stress-activated protein kinases, p38 and JNK, are promising candidates for therapeutic intervention in human renal diseases.
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PMID:The role of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in renal pathophysiology. 1898 95

Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of end-stage renal disease. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are implicated in the development of adipose tissue dysregulation and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obesity. The present study explored the impact of adolescent-onset obesity on the UPR after obesity-related hypertension and nephropathy, using an ovine model in which obesity was induced by increased food intake and reduced activity. Obese young adults had a higher mean arterial pressure (lean, 89.6+/-1.7 mm Hg versus obese, 101+/-3.0 mm Hg; P<0.01) and greater sensitivity to low physiological doses of angiotensin II. Obesity increased the glomerular area and was associated with activation of the UPR in renal cells with a greater abundance of glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, Bax, phosphorylated c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 (all P<0.05). In addition, there was a marked upregulation of proinflammatory genes, most notably those involved in macrophage signaling. Reactive oxygen species production and handling were also perturbed in obese adults. Renal endoplasmic reticulum stress was positively correlated with macrophage content (r=0.83; P<0.001), phosphorylated c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (r=0.73; P<0.01), and adiposity (r=0.71; P<0.01). In conclusion, adolescent-onset, obesity-related renal endoplasmic reticulum stress was associated with activation of the UPR, apoptosis, and inflammation, potentially increasing the associated renal damage observed in young adults. The UPR may prove to be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of obesity-related nephropathy and associated hypertension, thereby reducing the burden of end-stage renal disease.
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PMID:Impact of early onset obesity and hypertension on the unfolded protein response in renal tissues of juvenile sheep. 1941 48


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