Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cytokine secretion by endometrial cells from estrous and mated mice was measured using specific bioassays. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents of uterine intraluminal fluid were elevated greater than 20-fold and 250-fold respectively following mating, and both cytokines were synthesized in abundance in vitro by uterine cells harvested at estrus and on Day 1 of pregnancy. Synthesis was not impaired in genetically lymphocyte-deficient nude, SCID, or beige mice. To determine the cellular origin of the cytokines, a panning technique employing monoclonal antibodies against a range of leukocyte and other lineage markers was used to isolate uterine cell subsets in vitro. These experiments identified glandular and/or luminal epithelial cells as the major source of GM-CSF and IL-6 in estrous and pregnant uteri. Stromal fibroblasts also synthesized IL-6, as did macrophages in mated mice. Epithelial cells harvested from midgestation uteri secreted GM-CSF and IL-6 in quantities similar to those of cells from estrous and mated mice. Bioactivities of both cytokines derived from epithelial cells were neutralized by specific antibodies, and size-exclusion chromatography of conditioned media from uterine cells revealed peaks of GM-CSF and IL-6 bioactivity with M(r) 23,000 and 23,000-26,000, respectively. Bioassay of luminal fluids and culture supernatants were negative for the cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These studies identify murine uterine epithelium as a potent source of the cytokines GM-CSF and IL-6, which we postulate have potentially important functions in pregnancy through actions on target cells in both the uterus and the conceptus.
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PMID:Uterine epithelial cells synthesize granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 in pregnant and nonpregnant mice. 139 4

The CMK cell line is an acute megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line established from a patient with Down's syndrome, and is known to possess characteristics of normal megakaryocytes. Several cytokines with the ability to stimulate megakaryopoiesis, such as interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stimulated colony formation by CMK cells. The present study revealed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulated colony formation by CMK cells; the potency was almost equal to that of IL-3, IL-6 or GM-CSF. Scatchard plot analysis revealed that CMK cells possess two types of specific binding sites for TNF-alpha. The high-affinity binding sites had an affinity constant of 0.18 nM, and numbered 5,000. The low-affinity binding sites had an affinity constant of 1.8 nM and numbered 19,000. These results raise the possibility that TNF-alpha can act as a growth-stimulating agent on megakaryocyte-lineage cell line.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates colony formation by a megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, CMK. 142 11

Cytokines are known to play an important role in host defense by regulating the function, growth, and differentiation of the cells of the immune system. We hypothesize that, in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells and resident tissue cells (e.g., fibroblasts) also produce cytokines that may regulate the local immune response to tumors. Initially, homogenates of eight head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) were assayed for the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to establish the presence of these cytokines in the tumors in vivo. We detected IL-1 in all tumor homogenates and IL-4, IL-6, and GM-CSF in some homogenates. To assess the ability of HNSCC to produce these cytokines, supernatants of short-term primary cultures of HNSCC were assayed for the same cytokines. No IL-1 was detected, although baseline levels of IL-4, IL-6, and GM-CSF were present. However, the stimulation of primary tumor cultures with exogenous IL-1 induced or significantly enhanced production of IL-4 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and GM-CSF (p < 0.02). These results support our hypothesis that HNSCC secrete cytokines that may influence the response of local immune cells. Our data also suggest that IL-1 may have a central role in regulating the local immune response through the enhancement or induction of cytokine production by tumor and/or resident tissue cells.
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PMID:Cytokine expression by head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. 146 1

We have tested the hypothesis that the bronchial epithelium has the capacity to generate and release cytokines that could contribute to inflammatory events associated with inflammatory lung diseases. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was identified in human bronchial epithelial cell primary cultures, characterized on the basis of staining for cytokeratin, using both in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. Using in situ hybridization we have shown that the majority of the cells expressed mRNA for IL-6 and IL-8, whereas fewer than 20% of cells expressed message for GM-CSF. The numbers of cells expressing message were increased by culture with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (20 ng/ml, 24 hr). These observations were substantiated by Northern blotting, which showed that both TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta were able to induce a dose-dependent increase in IL-8-specific mRNA. Immunoreactive IL-6 and GM-CSF were detected and quantified in the culture supernatants by ELISA, and IL-8 by radioimmunoassay. The levels of immunoreactivity were increased by incubation of epithelial cells with either IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha for 24 hr. A transformed tracheal epithelial cell line (9HTEo-) expressed mRNA for IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF but, whereas levels of immunoreactive IL-6 in culture supernatants were comparable with those in primary cell cultures, levels of IL-8 were low and GM-CSF trivial. These observations indicate that the bronchial epithelium has the potential to be a major source of IL-8 and a number of other cytokines, and that production can be amplified substantially by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. The bronchial epithelium is ideally situated to modulate inflammatory and immunological events in and around the airways, and these observations suggest that it could contribute to promote and sustain inflammatory and immunological processes in inflammatory lung diseases such asthma.
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PMID:Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 147 79

Effects of cytokines on murine megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation from either unfractionated marrow cells or purified early haematopoietic cells were studied. Recombinant interleukin-3 (IL3), interleukin-6 (IL6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin (Epo) and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF and bFGF) each was able to stimulate MK colony growth although they varied somewhat in their potential. IL6 and FGFs, in addition to their effect on MK colony growth, increased the size of individual MK. The combination of IL3 with IL6 or FGF resulted in an additive action. Monoclonal anti-IL6 antibody completely neutralized the activity of mouse IL6 and FGFs but had no effect on human IL6, mouse IL3 and GM-CSF. When using purified lineage negative marrow cells, only IL3 and IL6 promoted MK colony formation. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) at 10-200 pg/ml selectively inhibited IL3-induced MK colony formation, and at 0.2-0.5 ng/ml it still had no obvious effect on the activity of IL6 or GM-CSF but caused an inhibition of FGF-induced MK colony formation. These data suggest that differential mechanisms are involved in the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by IL3, IL6, FGFs and GM-CSF, and that TGF-beta 1 negatively regulates MK development mainly by interfering with the action of IL3.
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PMID:New insights into the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by haematopoietic and fibroblastic growth factors and transforming growth factor beta 1. 152 Jun 6

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are multifunctional cytokines with many similar activities. LIF is structurally and functionally related to another cytokine, Oncostatin M (OSM), that binds to the high-affinity LIF receptor but not to the low-affinity LIF receptor. A complementary DNA was isolated that encodes the high-affinity converting subunit of the LIF receptor. The converter conferred high-affinity binding of both LIF and OSM when expressed with the low-affinity LIF receptor and is identical to the signal transducing subunit of the IL-6 receptor, gp130. The gp130 subunit alone confers low-affinity binding of OSM when expressed in COS-7 cells. This receptor system resembles the high-affinity receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, and IL-5, which share a common subunit.
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PMID:The IL-6 signal transducer, gp130: an oncostatin M receptor and affinity converter for the LIF receptor. 154 94

We have assayed modulation of clonal growth of cell lines from human solid tumors in vitro by recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6), rhIL-3, rh granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), rhG-CSF, rhM-CSF, and rh erythropoietin. Effects of hematopoietic growth factors were also tested in the tritiated thymidine uptake assay. No reproducible and significant modulation of clonal growth was found with rhIL-6, rhM-CSF, and rhEPO. The other cytokines showed stimulation of colony formation in some cell lines from colorectal adenocarcinomas and bladder and lung cancers with the following order of activity: rhIL-3 greater than or equal to rhGM-CSF greater than rhG-CSF. Growth stimulation was only found in clonal assays; it was abolished by neutralizing antibodies and was highly dependent on culture conditions. Stimulation could be masked by elevation of serum concentration and there was an inverse correlation between spontaneous plating efficacy of the control cells and growth stimulation by the factor with the highest activity of the colony-stimulating factor at suboptimal growth conditions. Growth inhibition by the cytokines was not observed. We could not establish autocrine loops for the growth modulation by the cytokines in the cell lines tested so far. Furthermore, we xenotransplanted some responsive cell lines into athymic mice and observed their in vivo growth under systemic application of rhIL-3 and rhGM-CSF or vehicle. There was no significant alteration of the tumor growth by these cytokines at plasma levels sufficient for in vitro growth stimulation. In conclusion, tumor growth stimulation by rhGM-CSF and rhIL-3 as potential hazards for their clinical application in cancer patients in conjunction with cytotoxic chemotherapy is unlikely.
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PMID:Effects of hematopoietic growth factors on malignant nonhematopoietic cells. 155 74

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to inhibit growth and induce differentiation of several myeloid leukemia cell lines. In this work, two in vivo models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice have been used to test the therapeutic potential of recombinant human IL-6. In mice inoculated by a transplantable AML tumor, IL-6 injections inhibited the development of leukemia and increased survival. The effect was related to dose and length of treatment. In a model of radiation-induced leukemogenesis in SJL/J mice, administration of low-dose IL-6 for 10 days, 4 months after irradiation, reduced the incidence of leukemia observed during 1 year, whereas granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increased the incidence of leukemia. In vitro liquid cultures of leukemic blood cells obtained from AML patients showed that IL-6 slowed growth and decreased the proportion of blasts with an increase in more mature myeloid elements in 72% of M1, M2, M4 AML cases. In contrast, GM-CSF less often produced differentiation but stimulated leukemic cell growth in liquid cultures, without synergism by IL-6.
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PMID:Antitumor effects of human recombinant interleukin-6 on acute myeloid leukemia in mice and in cell cultures. 157 51

We investigated, in five cell strains per experiment, whether several cytokines known or believed to have effects on bone resorption were produced by nearly homogeneous strains of cultured normal human osteoblast-like (hOB) cells that display virtually the complete phenotype of the mature osteoblast. In unstimulated hOB cells, we detected constitutive production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (mean +/- SE, 122 +/- 32 pg/ml) and IL-8 (135 +/- 39 pg/ml), but not of IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). IL-1 beta in doses from 1-100 U/ml stimulated dose-dependent increases in IL-6 (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001) and IL-8 (r = 0.95; P less than 0.001). Similar increases occurred after stimulation with TNF alpha in doses from 3-300 U/ml. IL-1 beta and TNF alpha also stimulated GM-CSF production, but only at higher doses. 17 beta-Estradiol (10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the secretion of any of these cytokines, either constitutively or after stimulation with IL-1 beta or TNF alpha. Stimulated production of IL-4 was not detected after treatment with IL-1 beta or TNF alpha, and that of TNF alpha was not detected after treatment with IL-1 beta. We conclude that IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF, but not IL-4 and TNF alpha, are produced by highly differentiated normal human cells of the osteoblast lineage, but their secretion is not regulated by estrogen. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that estrogen regulation of these cytokines may occur during early stages of osteoblast differentiation.
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PMID:Production of various cytokines by normal human osteoblast-like cells in response to interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: lack of regulation by 17 beta-estradiol. 157 80

Multiple myeloma remains a fatal disease. However, in the last few months new biologic and clinical information has been provided about this disease. In particular, the immunophenotype of myeloma cells seems to indicate, at least in some patients, the possibility of a stem cell involvement in the pathogenesis of myeloma. Moreover, the recent progress in understanding the complex cytokine network has revealed the possibility that myelomatous proliferation is highly influenced by some cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-3, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, it has been shown that the mechanism responsible for the resistance of myeloma cells to chemotherapy may be partially overcome by the use of calcium antagonists associated with quinine. Finally, new insights into the pathogenesis and biology of the disease have been provided by studies of molecular biology and flow cytometry undertaken in multiple myeloma patients. The best conventional induction treatment remains to be defined. However, the increased use, as new therapeutic modalities, of interferon-alpha and transplantation procedures in multiple myeloma opens new hopes of a cure. In the future, a better comprehension of the multiple myeloma biology associated with a wider use of new and more effective therapeutic approaches will certainly improve the natural course of the disease.
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PMID:Biology and treatment of multiple myeloma. 159 Dec 96


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