Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reperfusion of blood flow occurred in a number of conditions such as stroke and organ transplantation immensely augments tissue injury and causes more severe damage than prolonged ischemia. In the present study, we designed a novel double-layer parallel-plate flow chamber (PPFC) to develop an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model and examined the effects of I/R on inflammatory responses in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in HMEC-1 was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The cells were also pre-treated with antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) to verify involvement of an oxidative mechanism in I/R injury in vitro. The morphological changes and attenuated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators were observed in HMCE-1 exposed to the physiological flow. In contrast, I/R markedly and significantly up-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in HMEC-1. Additionally, pretreatment with PDTC significantly reduced I/R-mediated overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The data from the present study provide evidence demonstrating that our newly designed PPFC can be utilized as an effective in vitro cell culture model system to develop new drugs specifically targeting against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
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PMID:A novel in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury model. 1938 87

The aim was to study the effect of a standardized oral fat load (OFL) on different inflammatory parameters in a large sample of adult healthy subjects (n = 286) of both sexes. The fat load was given between 08:00 and 09:00 h after a 12-h fast. Blood samples were drawn before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after the OFL. All patients underwent a measurement of body mass index (BMI), blood glucose (BG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (Tg), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) increase was +3.26% at 3 h, +4.35% at 6 h, +1.09% at 9 h while FPG decrease was -1.09% at 12 h. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase was +2.08% at 3 h, and at 12 h during OFL study; a significant HDL-C decrease was present in subjects after 6 h (-4.17%; P < 0.05 vs 0). A significant Tg change was observed after 6 h (+70.37%; P < 0.01 vs 0) and 9 h (+58.33%; P < 0.05 vs 0) respectively, and the increase was +22.22% at 3 h and +18.52% at 12 h. Total cholesterol increase was +0.52% after 3 h, +1.04% after 6 h, while after 12 h the decrease was -0.52%. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase was +1.64% after 6 h with a decrease of -0.82% at 9 and 12 h. A significant sICAM-1, hsCRP, and sE-selectin variation was observed after 6 and 9 h, while a significant sVCAM-1 change occurred after 3, 6, and 9 h. Soluble ICAM-1 increase was +20.58% at 3 h, +34.10% at 6 h (P < 0.05 vs 0) +25.94% at 9 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), and +19.14% at 12 h; sVCAM-1 increase was +13.97% (P < 0.05 vs 0) at 3 h, +18.55% at 6 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), +12.02% at 9 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), and +8.70% at 12 h. High-sensitivity CRP increase was +36.36% at 3 h, +90.91% at 6 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), +63.64% at 9 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), and +36.36% at 12 h. Soluble E-selectin increase was +27.11% at 3 h, +51.90% at 6 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), +45.19% at 9 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), and +20.12% at 12 h. Interleukin-6 increase was +61.11% at 3 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), +83.33% at 6 h (P < 0.001 vs 0), +55.56% at 9 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), and +22.22% at 12 h. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase was +42.86% at 3 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), +71.43% at 6 h (P < 0.01 vs 0), (+50.00% at 9 h (P < 0.05 vs 0), and +28.57% at 12 h. We observed that the OFL induces a complex and massive systemic inflammatory response that includes IL-6, TNF-alpha, hsCRP, and cell adhesion molecules, even before Tg significantly rises.
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PMID:Oral fat load effects on inflammation and endothelial stress markers in healthy subjects. 1946 22

The description of potential serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity can be quite useful in optimizing RA treatment, since the laboratory markers currently used, namely erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, are not specific for RA and are influenced by several other variables. The markers proposed for assessing RA activity include rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies, immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-IgG advanced glycation end products, markers of bone/cartilage metabolism, mannose-binding lectin, E-selectin, interleukin-6, and leptin. Various studies have investigated the correlation between some of these markers and other variables that might indicate disease activity, e.g., inflammatory activity tests and disease activity scores. However, there is as yet insufficient evidence that any of these markers, in isolation or in combination, are useful in the assessment of RA activity.
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PMID:Autoantibodies and other serological markers in rheumatoid arthritis: predictors of disease activity? 1959 99

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women. Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many forms of vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Women present with cardiovascular disease a decade after men and this has been attributed to the protective effect of female ovarian sex hormones. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), including a variety of estrogen preparations with or without a progestin, has negative effects on most of these soluble inflammatory markers, including E-selectin, cell adhesion molecules, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inconsistent effects on interleukin-6, and stimulatory effects on vasoprotective cytokine, such as the transforming growth factor-alpha. C-reactive protein, a circulating proinflammatory cytokine produced in both liver and atherosclerotic arteries, increases in response to oral conjugated estrogens but not to transdermal estrogen. Animal and observational studies have shown beneficial effects of hormone therapy in the perimenopausal period or before the development of significant atherosclerosis, whereas randomized trials in older women have not shown any benefit in either primary prevention or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Many important questions about the effects of ovarian hormones on vascular inflammation and the pathogenesis of vascular disease cannot be answered in human subjects. This review outlines the effects of HRT on inflammatory biomarkers, summarizes results from observational and randomized trials, and highlights unanswered questions of hormone therapy and cardiovascular risk.
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PMID:Effect of hormone replacement therapy on inflammatory biomarkers. 1963 77

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on the level of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation markers in healthy subjects (H) and diabetic overweight patients (D). We enrolled 256 healthy subjects and 274 type 2 diabetic patients. We evaluated blood glucose (BG), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at baseline and after OGTT. We observed that BG, sICAM-1, IL-6, hs-CRP, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, and TNF-alpha values were higher in D group than in H group. In a large sample of adult healthy subjects and type 2 diabetics we observed that both answer to an OGTT with a significant increase in biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction such as hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin. Type 2 diabetics experienced, however, a more significant increase in TNF-alpha, and sE-selectin.
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PMID:Oral glucose tolerance test effects on endothelial inflammation markers in healthy subjects and diabetic patients. 1973 57

Although current H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) are inefficiently transmitted to humans, infected individuals can suffer from severe disease, often progressing rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. This is in contrast with the situation with human influenza viruses, which in immunocompetent individuals usually cause only a respiratory disease which is less aggressive than that observed with avian H5N1 viruses. While the biological basis of inefficient transmission is well documented, the mechanisms by which the H5N1 viruses cause fatal disease remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMEC) had a clearly higher susceptibility to infection by H5N1 HPAIV than to infection by human influenza viruses. This was measurable by de novo intracellular nucleoprotein production and virus replication. It was also related to a relatively higher binding capacity to cellular receptors. After infection of hPMEC, cell activation markers E-selectin and P-selectin were upregulated, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and beta interferon were secreted. H5N1 virus infection was also associated with an elevated rate of cell death. Reverse genetics analyses demonstrated a major role for the viral hemagglutinin in this cell tropism. Overall, avian H5N1 viruses have a particular receptor specificity targeting endothelial cells that is different from human influenza viruses, and this H5N1 receptor specificity could contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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PMID:Hemagglutinin-dependent tropism of H5N1 avian influenza virus for human endothelial cells. 1981 46

Sleep disorders are associated with inflammation and sympathetic activation, which are suspected to induce endothelial dysfunction, a key factor in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the early effects of acute sleep deprivation on vascular function. We evaluated microvascular reactivity and biological markers of endothelial activation during continuous 40 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) in 12 healthy men (29 +/- 3 yr). The days before [day 1 (D1)] and during TSD (D3), at 1200 and 1800, endothelium-dependent and -independent cutaneous vascular conductance was assessed by iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, coupled to laser-Doppler flowmetry. At 0900, 1200, 1500, and 1800, heart rate (HR) and instantaneous blood pressure (BP) were recorded in the supine position. At D1, D3, and the day after one night of sleep recovery (D4), markers of vascular endothelial cell activation, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and interleukin-6 were measured from blood samples at 0800. Compared with D1, plasma levels of E-selectin were raised at D3, whereas intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 were raised at D4 (P < 0.05). The endothelium-dependent and -independent CVC were significantly decreased after 29 h of TSD (P < 0.05). By contrast, HR, systolic BP, and the normalized low-frequency component of HR variability (0.04-0.15 Hz), a marker of the sympathetic activity, increased significantly within 32 h of TSD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute exposure to 40 h of TSD appears to cause vascular dysfunction before the increase in sympathetic activity and systolic BP.
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PMID:Effect of acute sleep deprivation on vascular function in healthy subjects. 1991 Mar 32

Platelets have been shown to be important in inflammation, but their role in the cutaneous Arthus reaction remains unclear. To assess the role of platelets in this pathogenetic process, the cutaneous Arthus reaction was examined in wild-type mice and mice lacking E-selectin, P-selectin, or P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) with or without platelet depletion by busulfan, a bone marrow precursor cell-specific toxin. Edema and hemorrhage induced by immune complex challenge significantly decreased in busulfan-treated wild-type mice compared with untreated mice. Busulfan treatment did not affect edema and hemorrhage in P-selectin- or PSGL-1-deficient mice, suggesting that the effect by busulfan is dependent on P-selectin and PSGL-1 expression. The inhibited edema and hemorrhage paralleled reduced infiltration of neutrophils and mast cells and reduced levels of circulating platelets. Increased cutaneous production of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and platelet-derived chemokines during Arthus reaction was inhibited in busulfan-treated wild-type mice relative to untreated mice, which paralleled the reduction in cutaneous inflammation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that immune complex challenge generated blood platelet-leukocyte aggregates that decreased by busulfan treatment. In thrombocytopenic mice, the cutaneous inflammation after immune complex challenge was restored by platelet infusion. These results suggest that platelets induce leukocyte recruitment into skin by forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates and secreting chemokines at inflamed sites, mainly through the interaction of P-selectin on platelets with PSGL-1 on leukocytes.
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PMID:Platelets control leukocyte recruitment in a murine model of cutaneous arthus reaction. 2000 31

Visceral fat accumulation stimulates the production of adipocytokines in patients with metabolic syndrome. Excess body weight gain during pregnancy is a risk factor for preeclampsia. To evaluate whether the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is similar to that of metabolic syndrome, we measured plasma adipocytokine concentrations and investigated the association between plasma adiponectin concentrations and body weight gain or endothelial function in preeclamptic women. We investigated 15 preeclamptic and 17 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Women with preeclampsia had significantly lower plasma concentrations of adiponectin (10.2+/-2.0 vs. 7.3+/-2.2 microg ml(-1), P<0.01), but higher concentrations of leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukin-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and C-reactive protein. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients, but the levels of other lipids did not differ significantly between the two groups. We found that flow-mediated vasodilation was significantly decreased in preeclamptic women compared with controls (10.6+/-6.4 vs. 3.8+/-2.0%, P<0.001). Plasma adiponectin concentrations correlated negatively with body mass index (r=-0.50, P<0.05) and body weight gain during pregnancy (r=-0.63, P<0.01), and positively with flow-mediated vasodilation (r=0.50, P<0.05) in preeclamptic women, but not in women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Similar to the patients with metabolic syndrome, we found that dysregulation of adipocytokines, such as low adiponectin levels and high levels of other adipocytokines, and excess body weight gain during pregnancy, may decrease plasma adiponectin concentrations that are associated with endothelial dysfunction in preeclamptic women.
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PMID:Adipocytokines and endothelial function in preeclamptic women. 2007 29

Adipocypte fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP4/adipocyte P2) may play a central role in energy metabolism and inflammation. In animal models, defects of the aP2 gene (aP2(-/-)) partially protected against the development of obesity-related insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether common genetic variation in FABP4 gene contributes to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or diabetes-related metabolic traits in humans. We comprehensively assess the genetic associations of variants in the FABP4 gene with T2D risk and diabetes-associated biomarkers in a prospective study of 1,529 cases and 2,147 controls among postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years who enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). We selected and genotyped a total of 11 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) spanning 41.3 kb across FABP4 in all samples. None of the SNPs and their derived haplotypes showed significant association with T2D risk. There were no significant associations between SNPs and plasma levels of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1). Among African-American women, several SNPs were significantly associated with lower levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), especially among those with incident T2D. On average, plasma levels of VCAM-1 were significantly lower among carriers of each minor allele at rs1486004(C/T; -1.08 ng/ml, P = 0.01), rs7017115(A/G; -1.07 ng/ml, P = 0.02), and rs2290201(C/T; -1.12 ng/ml, P = 0.002) as compared with the homozygotes of the common allele, respectively. After adjusting for multiple testing, carriers of the rs2290201 minor allele remained significantly associated with decreasing levels of plasma VCAM-1 in these women (P = 0.02). In conclusion, our finding from a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women did not support the notion that common genetic variants in the FABP4 gene may trigger increased risk of T2D. The observed significant association between reduced VCAM-1 levels and FABP4 genotypes in African-American women warrant further confirmation.
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PMID:Common genetic variants in fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP4) and clinical diabetes risk in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. 2011 Oct 20


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