UNIPROT:P05231 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Atherosclerosis is a major complication of chronic renal failure. Microinflammation is involved in atherogenesis and is associated with uremia and dialysis. The role of dialysate water contamination in inducing inflammation has been debated. Our aim was to study inflammatory markers in patients on chronic dialysis, before and 3 to 6 months after switching the water purification system from deionization to reverse osmosis. Patients had demographic, clinical and nutritional information collected and blood drawn for determination of albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in both situations. Acceptable levels of water purity were less than 200 colony-forming units of bacteria and less than 1 ng/ml of endotoxin. Sixteen patients died. They had higher median CRP (26.6 vs 11.2 mg/dl, P = 0.007) and lower median albumin levels (3.1 vs 3.9 g/l, P < 0.05) compared to the 31 survivors. Eight patients were excluded because of obvious inflammatory conditions. From the 23 remaining patients (mean age +/- SD: 51.3 +/- 13.9 years), 18 had a decrease in CRP after the water treatment system was changed. Overall, median CRP was lower with reverse osmosis than with deionization (13.2 vs 4.5 mg/l, P = 0.022, N = 23). There was no difference in albumin, cytokines, subjective global evaluation, or clinical and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, uremic patients presented a clinically significant reduction in CRP levels when dialysate water purification system switched from deionization to reverse osmosis. It is possible that better water treatments induce less inflammation and eventually less atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients.
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PMID:Dialysis water treated by reverse osmosis decreases the levels of C-reactive protein in uremic patients. 1591 62

The study describes the characterization of Interleukin-6 cDNA and essential promoter sequences of the Indian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and expression of the recombinant IL-6 in Escherichia coli. Buffalo IL-6 shows very high nucleotide level identity of the cDNA (98.7%) and promoter (98%) sequences with the corresponding cattle sequences. All the major regulatory elements of IL-6 promoter like AP-1, Multiple Response Element, NF-IL6, ETS binding domain and NF-kappaB binding sites show absolute conservation. Basal level IL-6 mRNA is detected in organs like liver, lung and spleen. Concanavalin A stimulated splenocytes produced maximum IL-6 mRNA at 8h poststimulation. Recombinant IL-6 production in JM109 (DE3) and BL21 (DE3) pLysS bacterial system is substantially enhanced by supplementation of rare codon tRNAs through co-transformation with a second plasmid. BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain is a more efficient producer of the IL-6 as it expressed two-fold more protein than by JM109 (DE3) cells. The study shows high-level conservation of IL-6 regulatory and coding sequences between cattle and buffalo, and indicates the use of a common reagent for studying the effects of this cytokine in these species.
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PMID:Molecular characterization and prokaryotic expression of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Interleukin-6. 1619 57

An increase of total amplitudes of QRS complexes induced by the hemodialysis (HD) procedure is a common phenomenon in hemodialysed patients. The aim of the study was to define factors responsible for the growth of QRS complex amplitude as a result of HD. The study was carried out on a group of 48 patients. Before and after HD procedure basic biochemical blood tests were performed and the following parameters calculated for each patient: (a) the total amplitude of QRS complex, (b) the total volume of body water (TBW), the extracellular volume (ECW), and the intracellular volume (ICW), as well as the TBW, ECW and ICW indices standardized against the patient body weight. The levels of albumin, total protein, intact PTH (iPTH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined before HD. The rates of Kt/V and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were calculated. The total amplitude of QRS complexes before HD was 13.09 +/- 3.3 mV and it increased significantly after HD to the value of 17.68 +/- 4.03 mV (p<0.001). An increase of QRS amplitude was observed in 35 patients (72.92%). The results of the study revealed, that the most important factor responsible for the growth of the total amplitude of QRS complexes after HD procedure is the value and changes in the ECW volume. The validation of the correlations disclosed in our study between the increase of the total amplitude of QRS complexes and IL-6 )positive correlation), and the nPCR value (negative correlation) require further studies on large groups of HD patients as well as a retrospective analysis of patients' survival rates.
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PMID:[Factors producing increase of QRS complex amplitude during hemodialysis]. 1633 30

During pregnancy, infection or immune responses induce cytokine release, which might influence fetal neurodevelopment, leading to neurodegenerative disease in adulthood. Because the hippocampus is a key area for learning and memory, we evaluated 4- and 24-wk-old rats for the effects of early and late prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 (IL-6) on hippocampal morphology, expression of mRNA for IL-6, the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA(Aalpha5)), the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase-3 protein and mRNA levels, and learning abilities. Late exposure increased serum IL-6 and hippocampal expression of IL-6 mRNA at 4 and 24 wk. All adult rats showed neuronal loss in the hilus and astrogliosis; males had losses mainly in the CA2 and CA3 regions, and females in CA1. Expression of GABA(Aalpha5), NR1, and GFAP mRNA increased in late-exposed males and females at 4 and 24 wk. mRNA and protein levels of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 were increased in all late-exposed rats except males at 4 wk. Evaluation of hippocampus-dependent working memory in the Morris water maze at 20 wk of age showed increases in escape latency and time spent near the pool wall in all IL-6 adult rats, especially females. These findings suggest that fetal IL-6 exposure, especially in late pregnancy, leads to increased IL-6 levels in the circulation and hippocampus, abnormalities of hippocampal structural and morphology, and decreased learning during adulthood.
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PMID:Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in inflammatory neurodegeneration in hippocampus with NMDA/GABA(A) dysregulation and impaired spatial learning. 1635

Opuntia humifusa Raf. (O. humifusa Raf.) is a member of the Cactaceae family. To determine the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of this herb, various solvent fractions (methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) prepared from the leaves of cacti were tested using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical) and xanthine oxidase assays, and nitric oxide (NO)-producing macrophage cells. We found that O. humifusa Raf. displayed potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, all solvent fractions, except for the water layer, showed potent scavenging effects. The scavenging effect of the ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of the other fractions, with IC50 values of 3.6 and 48.2 microg mL(-1). According to activity-guided fractionation, one of the active radical scavenging principles in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be quercetin. In contrast, only two fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate) significantly suppressed nitric oxide production from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions significantly blocked the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from the RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Moreover, ethyl acetate fractions significantly blocked the expression of IL-1beta from the RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Therefore, the results suggested that O. humifusa Raf. may modulate radical-induced toxicity via both direct scavenging activity and the inhibition of reactive species generation, and the modulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, O. humifusa Raf. may be useful as a functional food or drug against reactive species-mediated disease.
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PMID:Radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Opuntia humifusa Raf. 1639 71

Tea has been shown to possess several health beneficial properties primarily due to its polyphenolic content. The major polyphenolic compounds in black tea leaves are theaflavins (TFs) formed by oxidative coupling of catechins in tea leaves during its processing. In this paper, we report the characterization of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear inflammatory model and the inhibitory effects of major black tea TFs derivatives on this inflammation. In addition, the effect on inflammatory biomarkers, such as proinflammatory cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites, are reported as well. A single topical application of TPA to ears of CD-1 mice induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in edema as well as formation of proinflammatory cytokine proteins interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mouse ears. A single topical application of equimolar of black tea constituents (TF, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate) strongly inhibited TPA-induced edema of mouse ears. Application of TFs mixture to mouse ears 20 min prior to each TPA application once a day for 4 days inhibited TPA-induced persistent inflammation, as well as TPA-induced increase in IL-1beta and IL-6 protein levels. TFs also inhibited arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism via both cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase pathways. This observation was substantiated by decreased amounts of AA metabolites prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels. Combined application of TF and sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug resulted a significant synergetic anti-inflammatory effect. Oral administration of TFs or the hot water extract of black tea leaves also significantly inhibited TPA-induced edema in mouse ears. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and IL-6, as well as the intermediated metabolites of AA, PGE2, and LTB4 are good biomarkers for inflammation. Black tea constituents, TF and its derivatives, had strongly anti-inflammatory activity in vivo which may be due to their ability to inhibit AA metabolism via lipoxygenase and COX pathways.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of black tea theaflavin derivatives on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears. 1640 5

The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of hemodialysis process (HD) on the signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) parameters and to evaluate possible factors promoting SAECG parameters disturbances in the group of hemodialysis patients (HD-pts). 55 selected HD-pts entered the study. SAECG parameters (QRS duration, root-mean-square of the terminal 40 ms of the QRS--RMS40, low-amplitude signal duration--LAS40), were measured pre and postdialysis. Total (TBW), extracellular (ECW) and intracellular body water (ICW) calculated per kg of HD-pts body weight were estimated pre and postdialysis by using whole body bioimpedance. Two dimentional echocardiography was performed before HD. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CRP and intact parathormon were measured before HD. LP were found only before HD in 12.73% of patients. HD induced the decrease of LAS40 duration and the increase of RMS40 value in the of group of LP positive HD-pts (p<0.001 in both cases). The values of TBW and ECW calculated per kg of body weight as well as IL-6 and CRP levels were significantly higher in the LP positive in comparison with the LP negative patients (p=0.006 and 0.004 respectively). Induced by HD changes of RMS40 correlated with pre vs postdialysis values of TBW (r=0.499, p=0.001) and ECW (r=0.556, p<0.001) calculated per kg of body weight. Our study revealed that, that abnormal SAECG parameters and LP are frequently detected in HD-pts. The presence of LP in HD-pts in great part depends on the functional abnormalities (especially on the HD-pts hydration status) corrected by the HD process. The clinical significance of the proinflammatory factors (IL-6 and CRP) needs further investigation.
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PMID:[Factors influencing signal-averaged ECG parameters in hemodialysis patients]. 1646 95

Numerous prospective studies support the concept of postprandial glycaemia (PPG) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). A meta-analysis has demonstrated an exponential relationship between 2-hour postchallenge glucose levels and the incidence of CVD. This relationship is stronger than those observed with fasting glycaemia or glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), and persists after adjustment for other vascular risk factors. Although there are fewer data available for the diabetic population, those that are available also support PPG as a risk factor for CVD. Treating PPG with acarbose is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events in both patients with IGT and diabetes mellitus. Acarbose also reduces the progression of intima-media thickness (IMT), which is a surrogate endpoint for atherosclerosis. It has been suggested that the beneficial effect could be related to an improvement in postprandial hyperglycaemia and associated atherogenic factors - oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and pro-coagulation factors - and to an improvement in other cardiovascular risk factors such as systolic blood pressure (by decreasing water and salt absorption), postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance. Treating PPG with glinides improves IMT as well as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels, while treating PPG with rapid-acting insulin analogues is also associated with improvements in endothelial dysfunction. The Kumamoto study suggests that reduced PPG is strongly associated with reductions in retinopathy and nephropathy. Finally, decreasing PPG in patients with IGT reduces the progression of diabetes. In conclusion, physicians should increase efforts to control PPG in order to further improve HbA(1c), and should also ensure close control of postprandial hyperglycaemic peaks so as to optimise patients' chances of avoiding cardiovascular complications. As for the prevention of CVD, further prospective intervention trials, powered to answer this question, are still required.
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PMID:Should postprandial hyperglycaemia in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients be treated? 1652 17

Satratoxin G (SG) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, the "black mold" suggested to contribute etiologically to illnesses associated with water-damaged buildings. Using an intranasal instillation model in mice, we found that acute SG exposure specifically induced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium. Dose-response analysis revealed that the no-effect and lowest-effect levels at 24 hr postinstillation (PI) were 5 and 25 microg/kg body weight (bw) SG, respectively, with severity increasing with dose. Apoptosis of OSNs was identified using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 expression, electron microscopy for ultrastructural cellular morphology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for elevated expression of the proapoptotic genes Fas, FasL, p75NGFR, p53, Bax, caspase-3, and CAD. Time-course studies with a single instillation of SG (500 microg/kg bw) indicated that maximum atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurred at 3 days PI. Exposure to lower doses (100 microg/kg bw) for 5 consecutive days resulted in similar atrophy and apoptosis, suggesting that in the short term, these effects are cumulative. SG also induced an acute, neutrophilic rhinitis as early as 24 hr PI. Elevated mRNA expression for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) , and IL-1 and the chemokine macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) were detected at 24 hr PI in both the ethmoid turbinates of the nasal airways and the adjacent olfactory bulb of the brain. Marked atrophy of the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb was also detectable by 7 days PI along with mild neutrophilic encephalitis. These findings suggest that neurotoxicity and inflammation within the nose and brain are potential adverse health effects of exposure to satratoxins and Stachybotrys in the indoor air of water-damaged buildings.
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PMID:Satratoxin G from the black mold Stachybotrys chartarum evokes olfactory sensory neuron loss and inflammation in the murine nose and brain. 1683 65

Leptin, an adipocytokine encoded by an obesity gene and expressed in adipose tissue, affects feeding behavior, thermogenesis, and neuroendocrine status via leptin receptors distributed in the brain, especially in the hypothalamus. Leptin may also modulate the synaptic plasticity and behavioral performance related to learning and memory since: leptin receptors are found in the hippocampus, and both leptin and its receptor share structural and functional similarities with the interleukin-6 family of cytokines that modulate long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. We therefore examined the effect of leptin on (1) behavioral performance in emotional and spatial learning tasks, (2) LTP at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses, (3) presynaptic and postsynaptic activities in hippocampal CA1 neurons, (4) the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in CA1 neurons, and (5) the activity of Ca(2+)/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMK II) in the hippocampal CA1 tissue that exhibits LTP. Intravenous injection of 5 and/or 50mug/kg, but not of 500mug/kg leptin, facilitated behavioral performance in passive avoidance and Morris water-maze tasks. Bath application of 10(-12)M leptin in slice experiments enhanced LTP and increased the presynaptic transmitter release, whereas 10(-10)M leptin suppressed LTP and reduced the postsynaptic receptor sensitivity to N-methyl-d-aspartic acid. The increase in the [Ca(2+)](i) induced by 10(-10)M leptin was two times greater than that induced by 10(-12)M leptin. In addition, the facilitation (10(-12)M) and suppression (10(-10)M) of LTP by leptin was closely associated with an increase and decrease in Ca(2+)-independent activity of CaMK II. Our results show that leptin not only affects hypothalamic functions (such as feeding, thermogenesis, and neuroendocrine status), but also modulates higher nervous functions, such as the behavioral performance related to learning and memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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PMID:Leptin facilitates learning and memory performance and enhances hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation and CaMK II phosphorylation in rats. 1691 28

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