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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

gP130 transducing receptor is involved in the formation of high affinity receptors for the cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family. Recruitment of gp130 by IL-6 associated to its receptor leads to the dimerization of the transducing component. In the present study we did characterize the B-S12 monoclonal antibody raised against gp130 and able to elicit IL-6 type biological activities. B-S12 antibody triggered strongly the proliferation of TF1 and XGI hematopoietic cell lines and was able to increase the synthesis of acute phase proteins in HepG2 hepatoma cell line. B-S12 also behaved as a synergistic factor with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for both proliferation and differentiation of CD34-positive hematopoietic cell progenitors. By using a symmetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, allowing the detection of dimeric forms of soluble gp130, we found that addition of B-S12 to gp130 led to its dimerization. Analysis of the tyrosine phosphorylation events in gp130 and Jak kinase family members revealed that B-S12 quickly induced the phosphorylation of gp130 in a neural derived cell line, and that Jak1 and Jak2 were also recruited. In conclusion, we show that gp130 cross-linking with the B-S12 monoclonal antibody was sufficient to generate functional IL-6 type responses in hematopoietic, neural, and hepatic cells.
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PMID:gp130 transducing receptor cross-linking is sufficient to induce interleukin-6 type responses. 866 9

Native PC12 cells respond differentially to nerve growth factor (NGF) but not interleukin-6 (IL-6); PC12-E2 cells, a stable variant, respond to both stimuli (and more rapidly to NGF). Neither responds to epidermal growth factor (EGF). NGF primarily induces the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and IL-6 activates a JAK (Janus tyrosine kinase)/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) response. EGF also stimulates RAS/ERK but in a transient manner. When either cell type is treated with combinations of NGF, EGF, and IL-6, at concentrations that produce modest or no response, a substantial augmentation of neurite outgrowth is observed. With PC12-E2 cells, a subthreshold concentration of IL-6 increases NGF response by approximately 2-3-fold after 1-2 days; the increase with EGF is more pronounced. Native PC12 cells show even greater synergistic effects with NGF and IL-6. The most dramatic effect was observed with low levels of EGF, where IL-6 increased the percentage of responsive cells from zero to approximately 60% after 3 days. In addition, two neural-specific transcripts, GAP-43 and SCG-10, are synergistically increased by the combinations of growth factors. Importantly, IL-6 does not enhance ERK phosphorylation in the presence of either NGF or EGF. In contrast, NGF and EGF, in the presence or absence of IL-6, cause mobility shifts of Stat3 that are consistent with serine phosphorylations. Although these modifications do not lead to activation and translocation by themselves, in the presence of the tyrosine phosphorylation induced by IL-6, they may play a role in the synergistic responses. These observations suggest a differentially regulated two-stage mechanism for the differentiative response of PC12 cells to NGF.
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PMID:Synergistic induction of neurite outgrowth by nerve growth factor or epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6 in PC12 cells. 866 31

Most of the receptors for soluble factors functioning in the hematopoietic system belong to the class I cytokine receptor family. These receptors often share common signal transducing receptor components in the same family, which explains the functional redundancy of cytokines. One typical example is a group of receptor systems for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and related cytokines that share gp130 as a signal transducer. This subset of cytokines, i.e., IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1, are all pleiotropic, exhibiting overlapping biological activities, and are known to function also in the neuronal system. In their receptor complexes, gp130 and ligand-specific chains possess no intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain but are associated with members of the Jak family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The Jak kinases become activated after ligand-induced homo- or heterodimerization of gp130. This activation appears to link the cell surface receptors to the nuclear genes through a series of biochemical changes, including tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor called signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).
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PMID:Gp130, a shared signal transducing receptor component for hematopoietic and neuropoietic cytokines. 866 78

The non-conservative substitution of the tyrosine residue at position 121 of human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) generates protein mutants showing strong reduction of the capacity to induce (a) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, (b) murine T-cells proliferation and (c) activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression. It is generally accepted that these functions are mediated by the type-I interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1RI). However, the mutant proteins maintain the binding affinity to the types-I and II IL-1 receptors, which is the same as the control IL-1 beta, suggesting that this amino acid substitution does not alter the structure of the molecule, except locally. Thus we have identified a new functional site of IL-1 beta different from the known receptor binding region, responsible for fundamental IL-1 beta functions. Moreover, we show that the same mutants maintain at least two hypothalamic functions, that is, the in vitro short-term PGE2 release from rat hypothalamus and the induction of fever in rabbits. This result suggests that there is yet another site of the molecule responsible for the hypothalamic functions, implying that multiple active sites on the IL-1 beta molecule, possibly binding to more than one receptor chain, trigger different signals.
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PMID:Synthetic alleles at position 121 define a functional domain of human interleukin-1 beta. 868 39

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that is produced not only by a variety of normal cells but also by cancer cells. IL-6 produced by cancer cells stimulates the proliferation of these cancer cells in an autocrine/ paracrine manner and causes paraneoplastic syndromes including hypercalcemia, cachexia, and leukocytosis. We have reported previously that a human oral squamous cancer associated with hypercalcemia produces large amounts of IL-6, that animals bearing this cancer exhibit elevated levels of plasma IL-6, and that neutralizing antibodies to human IL-6 reverse hypercalcemia in tumor-bearing animals, indicating an important role of IL-6 in the hypercalcemia in this model. Because these cancer cells overexpress epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) with intrinsic tyrosine kinase (TK) activity similar to many other squamous cancers, we examined the effects of herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on IL-6 production and hypercalcemia in animals bearing this cancer to develop a new approach to treat the hypercalcemia associated with malignancy. Intraperitoneal administration (once a day for 2 days) of herbimycin A to cancer-bearing hypercalcemic mice reduced the plasma levels of human IL-6 and impaired the hypercalcemia. During 2-day treatment with herbimycin A, no changes were observed in tumor size. Of interest, plasma levels of mouse, but not human, soluble IL-6 receptors were also elevated. However, herbimycin A showed no effects on plasma levels of mouse soluble IL-6 receptors. Herbimycin A suppressed the tyrosine autophosphorylation of EGFR and IL-6 mRNA expression and production, all of which were stimulated by EGF. The data raise the possibility that TK inhibitors may be potential mechanism-based therapeutic agents for the treatment of hypercalcemia associated with squamous cancers which overexpress EGFR.
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PMID:Herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, impairs hypercalcemia associated with a human squamous cancer producing interleukin-6 in nude mice. 879 10

alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is expressed at high levels in the corpus luteum of pregnant rats in response to PRL and rat placental lactogens. These studies document that PRL induction of alpha 2M mRNA occurs rapidly in granulosa cells differentiated to the preovulatory phenotype in the presence of FSH and steroid, is hormone specific [induced by PRL but not by LH or interleukin-6 (IL-6)], and involves tyrosine kinase activity. To analyze the cellular signaling events stimulated by PRL, transient transfections of granulosa cells and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were done using the IL-6 response element (IL-6RE) of the alpha 2M promoter. The IL-6RE consists of two gamma-activating like sequences (GAS) that bind the acute phase response factor (APRF/Stat 3) in rat liver and the mammary gland factor (MGF/Stat 5) from mammary tissue. By transfecting various alpha 2M promoter-luciferase reporter transgenes into the granulosa cell cultures, we show that the GAS-like sites together with the minimal -48 base pairs of the alpha 2M promoter can confer PRL inducibility to the luciferase reporter gene. These same GAS-like sequences of the alpha 2M promoter were used to analyze the DNA-binding activity of proteins in whole cell extracts prepared from differentiated granulosa cells exposed to PRL for 0.25, 0.5, 4, and 20 h. PRL rapidly stimulated the binding of a specific protein to labeled alpha 2M GAS-like oligonucleotide, and this PRL-induced binding activity was shown to contain Stat 5 but not Stat 1 or Stat 3, using specific antibodies in the electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Because both Stat 5 and Stat 3 proteins are present in the whole cell extracts of differentiated granulosa cells, PRL appears to activate detectable amounts of Stat 5 (and not Stat 3). Thus, the initial induction of the alpha 2M gene by PRL in differentiated rat granulosa cells involves, at least in part, the activation (tyrosine phosphorylation?) of Stat 5.
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PMID:Prolactin induction of the alpha 2-Macroglobulin gene in rat ovarian granulosa cells: stat 5 activation and binding to the interleukin-6 response element. 882 57

Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) definitely exhibited mitogenic activity in purified B-cells, separated from spleens of LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice and LPS-non-responsive C3H/HeJ mice by using a magnetic cell sorting system. The mitogenic activity induced by P. gingivalis LPS was incompletely inhibited by polymyxin B. P. gingivalis LPS also induced a higher production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in splenic B-cells of C3H/HeN mice as compared with Escherichia coli LPS. Furthermore, P. gingivalis LPS, but not E. coli LPS, induced definite IL-6 production in C3H/HeJ mice. P. gingivalis LPS increased tyrosine, serine/threonine phosphorylation of proteins with various major induced bands in splenic B-cells of both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Additionally, radioiodinated P. gingivalis LPS, similarly to E. coli LPS, bound to a 73-kDa protein on C3H/HeJ as well as C3H/HeN B-cells. Thus P. gingivalis LPS may activate B-cells of C3H/HeJ as well as C3H/HeN mice via the LPS-specific binding protein on the cells.
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PMID:Splenic B-cell activation in lipopolysaccharide-non-responsive C3H/HeJ mice by lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis. 884 20

Several cytokines and growth factors activate transcription of their target genes via the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. It has been shown that the interaction between SH2 domains of STAT factors and receptor phosphotyrosine residues plays an essential role in the specific recruitment of STATs. For STAT5, however, the importance of receptor tyrosines is still controversial. Using a chimeric receptor system in COS-7 cells, we studied the activation of STAT5 through the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130. In contrast to previous reports, we did not detect gp130-mediated STAT5 activation. However, STAT5 activation was achieved when tyrosine motifs of other cytokine receptors were fused to the membrane-proximal part of gp130. The comparison of the relative potency of different tyrosine motifs revealed that hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially leucine, in positions +1 and +3, and an aspartate residue in position -1 or -2 with respect to the tyrosine are likely to be required for efficient STAT5 recruitment. In summary, we show here for the first time that phosphotyrosine motifs can confer the ability to activate STAT5 to a heterologous receptor.
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PMID:Comparative study on the phosphotyrosine motifs of different cytokine receptors involved in STAT5 activation. 884 68

In contrast to the intensively studied nerve growth factor (NGF)-related family of cytokines, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of neurotrophic activity elicited by the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). We have examined the mechanisms of IL-6-induced neuronal differentiation of the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. IL-6 independently induced the expression of peripherin, identifying this gene as the first neuronal-specific target of IL-6. However, IL-6 alone failed to elicit neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and instead required low levels of Trk/NGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity to induce neuronal differentiation. The cooperating Trk signal could be provided by either overexpression of Trk or exposure to low concentrations of NGF. IL-6 also functioned cooperatively with basic fibroblast growth factor to promote PC12 differentiation. IL-6 and Trk/NGF synergized in enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation of the Erk-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase and in activating expression of certain NGF target genes. NGF also induced expression of the gp80 subunit of the IL-6 receptor, providing another potential mechanism of cooperativity between NGF and IL-6 signaling. We propose that IL-6 functions as an enhancer of NGF signaling rather than as an autonomous neuronal differentiation signal. Moreover, our results demonstrate that a Trk receptor-specific cellular response can be achieved in the absence of NGF through amplification of its basal signaling activity by the IL-6 receptor system.
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PMID:Interleukin-6 induces expression of peripherin and cooperates with Trk receptor signaling to promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. 885 17

We examined the effects of an interleukin-6 related cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), on myocardial cells using cultured murine cardiac myocytes. LIF stimulation (1 x 10(3) U/ml) for 36 h increased the cell size of neonatal cardiac myocytes and increased [3H] leucine incorporation in both fetal and neonatal cardiac myocytes; the increase was more significant in fetal myocytes. LIF stimulation also increased the expression of c-fos mRNA, one of the immediate early genes. In addition, the expression of prepro-atrial natriuretic factor mRNA, one of the genes expressed in fetal myocardium and reactivated by hypertrophic stimulation, was increased after 48 h of incubation with LIF. LIF receptor mRNA was expressed in fetal, neonatal and adult murine hearts and cultured murine cardiac myocytes. LIF induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of gp130 within 15 min after it was added to cardiac myocytes. In addition, LIF mRNA was expressed in both cardiac myocytes and non-myocardial cells derived from hearts. These results suggest that LIF activates gp130 and induces myocardial hypertrophy by acting as an autocrine/paracrine factor in cardiac myocytes.
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PMID:Leukemia inhibitory factor induces a hypertrophic response mediated by gp130 in murine cardiac myocytes. 888 86


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