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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the major systemic mediator of the early host response to infection and injury (the "acute phase response"). Furthermore, IL-6 is often detected in the peripheral circulation and in the local neoplastic tissue in cancer patients. IL-6 has distinctive effect on epithelial cells depending upon the cell type examined. IL-6 enhances proliferation of normal human keratinocytes without affecting cell morphology. In contrast, IL-6 inhibits the proliferation of ductal breast carcinoma cell lines T-47D, ZR-71-1 and MCF-7. In addition to, but independent of, the inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6 induces a cellular phenotype in the typically epitheliod T-47D and ZR-75-1 cells, which is characterized by fibroblastoid morphology, increased cell-cell separation even within preformed colonies, decreased adherens type junction formation (desmosomes and focal adhesions), and enhanced motility. Time-lapse cinemicrography of T-47D and wild-type ZR-75-1 cells reveals increased local movement of IL-6-treated cells and also movement of these cells over considerable distances. The effects of IL-6 on breast cancer cell proliferation and motility are reversible by removal of IL-6 from the culture medium. Time-lapse cinemicrography reveals that in clone B ZR-75-1 cells, which are not sensitive to the DNA synthesis-inhibitory effect of IL-6 or to its cell-separating effect on preformed colonies, IL-6 can still block rapid readherence of post-mitotic cells to their neighbors and to the substratum leading to enhanced dispersal of cancer cells into the culture medium. In wild-type ZR-75-1 cells, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol ester (TPA) exerts a cell-scattering effect on breast cancer cells without inhibiting cell proliferation. Combined treatment with IL-6 and TPA produces a cell-scattering effect that greatly exceeds in magnitude and speed the phenotypic change elicited by either reagent alone. Staurosporine blocks cell-scattering caused by TPA but not that caused by IL-6 suggesting that IL-6 and TPA elicit similar phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells via different pathways. Taken together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized property of IL-6, that of enhancing cell motility.
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PMID:Interleukin-6 enhances motility of breast carcinoma cells. 165 18

Substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression, as well as IL-6 protein secretion in the human astrocytoma cell line U373 MG. Staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), entirely blocked SP- but not LPS-induced IL-6 release. In addition, the down regulation of PKC inhibited the SP response and only marginally altered LPS activation. Differently from SP, LPS-induced IL-6 release was markedly reduced by W7, a calmodulin antagonist. Moreover, SP interacted in a synergistic manner with LPS. Thus, neural (SP) and bacterial (LPS) mediators stimulate U373 MG IL-6 release via distinct, though not antagonistic, activation pathways.
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PMID:Interleukin-6 production by U373 MG, a human astrocytoma cell line: different pathways involved in substance P and lipopolysaccharide activation. 754 Oct 52

In previous studies, we reported that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase D in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we examined the effect of PGF2alpha on synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the IL-6 synthesis in these cells. PGF2alpha significantly stimulated IL-6 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 10 nM and 10 microM. A PKC-activating phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), induced IL-6 synthesis. On the contrary, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, a PKC-nonactivating phorbol ester, had no effect. The synthesis of IL-6 stimulated by a combination of PGF2alpha and TPA was not additive. Staurosporine, an inhibitor for protein kinases that suppressed the TPA-induced IL-6 synthesis, significantly inhibited the PGF2alpha-induced IL-6 synthesis. Calphostin C, a highly specific PKC inhibitor, also suppressed the PGF2alpha-stimulated synthesis of IL-6. The effect of PGF2alpha on IL-6 synthesis in PKC-downregulated cells was much weaker than that in intact cells. These results strongly suggest that PGF2alpha induces IL-6 synthesis via PKC activation in osteoblast-like cells.
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PMID:Prostaglandin F2alpha stimulates interleukin-6 synthesis via activation of PKC in osteoblast-like cells. 912 24

We investigated the mechanism of interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. TNF stimulated the synthesis of IL-6 dose dependently in the range between 1 and 30 ng/ml. Staurosporine and calphostin C, inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), significantly enhanced the TNF-induced synthesis of IL-6. 1-Oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, a specific activator of PKC, inhibited the TNF-induced IL-6 synthesis. The stimulative effect of TNF was markedly increased in the PKC down-regulated cells. TNF produced diacylglycerol. TNF had little effect on the formation of inositol phosphates and choline. On the contrary, TNF significantly stimulated the formation of phosphocholine dose dependently. D-609, an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, suppressed the TNF-induced diacylglycerol production. The TNF-induced IL-6 synthesis was significantly enhanced by D-609. TNF induced sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Neither C2-ceramide nor sphingosine but sphingosine 1-phosphate significantly stimulated the synthesis of IL-6. PKC down-regulation amplified the IL-6 synthesis by sphingosine 1-phosphate. These results strongly suggest that sphingosine 1-phosphate may act as a second messenger for TNF-induced IL-6 synthesis and that TNF autoregulates IL-6 synthesis due to PKC activation via phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in osteoblast-like cells.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha autoregulates interleukin-6 synthesis via activation of protein kinase C. Function of sphingosine 1-phosphate and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. 931 19

We investigated the regulatory mechanism of interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. IL-1 stimulated the secretion of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 0.1 and 100 ng/ml. Staurosporine and calphostin C, inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), significantly enhanced the IL-1-induced secretion of IL-6. The stimulative effect of IL-1 was markedly amplified in PKC down-regulated MC3T3-E1 cells. IL-1 produced diacylglycerol in MC3T3-E1 cells. IL-1 had little effect on the formation of inositol phosphates and choline. On the contrary, IL-1 significantly stimulated the formation of phosphocholine dose-dependently. D-609, an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, suppressed the IL-1-induced diacylglycerol production. The IL-1-induced IL-6 secretion was significantly enhanced by D-609. These results indicate that IL-1 activates PKC via phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in osteoblast-like cells, and the PKC activation then limits IL-6 synthesis induced by IL-1 itself.
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PMID:Protein kinase C activation by interleukin (IL)-1 limits IL-1-induced IL-6 synthesis in osteoblast-like cells: involvement of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. 932 44

We previously reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates both phospholipases C and D via independent pathways in osteoblastlike MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of bFGF on interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis in these cells. bFGF stimulated the IL-6 synthesis dose-dependently in the range between 1 and 30 ng/ml. The depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA suppressed the bFGF-induced IL-6 synthesis. TMB-8, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, also inhibited the IL-6 synthesis by bFGF. bFGF stimulated the Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suppressed the bFGF-induced Ca2+ influx. Staurosporine, an inhibitor for protein kinases, enhanced the bFGF-induced IL-6 synthesis. Calphostin C, a highly potent and specific inhibitor for protein kinase C (PKC), also enhanced the IL-6 synthesis by bFGF. The bFGF-induced IL-6 synthesis was amplified in PKC down-regulated cells. U-73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, enhanced the bFGF-induced IL-6 synthesis. Propranolol, a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase inhibitor, also enhanced the IL-6 synthesis by bFGF. These results strongly suggest that bFGF stimulates IL-6 synthesis, which depends on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in osteoblastlike cells, and that the IL-6 synthesis by bFGF is autoregulated due to PKC activation.
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PMID:Basic fibroblast growth factor induces interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: autoregulation by protein kinase C. 937 29

The incubation of rat peritoneal macrophages in the presence of staurosporine, a non-specific protein kinase inhibitor, induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner at 6.3-63 nM, but at 210 nM, the stimulant effect on IL-6 production was reduced. The levels of IL-6 mRNA as determined by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were also increased by staurosporine in parallel with the ability to induce IL-6 production. Compounds structurally related to staurosporine including K-252a (non-specific protein kinase inhibitor) and KT-5720 (inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA), did not increase IL-6 production by peritoneal macrophages. Staurosporine-induced increases in IL-6 production and expression of IL-6 mRNA were decreased by the PKC inhibitors, H-7 (2.7-27 microM), Ro 31-8425 (1-10 microM) and calphostin C (0.3-3 microM) and by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 (30-100 microM), but were further increased by the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, genistein (12-37 microM). The staurosporine-induced increase in IL-6 production was not affected by the PKA inhibitor, H-89 (0.1-3 microM). These findings suggest that the induction of IL-6 production by staurosporine is secondary to elevation of IL-6 mRNA level, which, in turn, is positively regulated by the activation of PKC and PI 3-kinase and negatively regulated by the activation of PTK. PKA does not appear to play a significant role.
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PMID:Participation of protein kinases in staurosporine-induced interleukin-6 production by rat peritoneal macrophages. 1045 80

Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a member of the galectin family of lectins whose expression strongly depends on the cellular state. Here we show that in PC12 cells the expression of gal-3 protein is regulated via Ras- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent and independent signalling pathways and correlates with nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neuronal differentiation. Gal-3 expression, activation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and neurite outgrowth are induced by NGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), but not by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), epidermal growth factor, insulin or interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, in NGF-treated PC12 cells, gal-3 expression, ERK1/2 activation and neurite outgrowth could be specifically inhibited at the level of TrkA, Ras and MAPK-kinase, whereas expression of an oncogenic form of Ras leads to gal-3 expression and neurite outgrowth in the absence of growth factors. In NGF-primed PC12 cells, subsequent treatment with CNTF or IL-6 induces ERK1/2 activation and neurite outgrowth, but not gal-3 expression. Treatment of PC12 cells with staurosporine induces gal-3 expression and neurite outgrowth without ERK1/2 activation. NGF- and staurosporine-induced gal-3-expression is also regulated at the transcriptional level. Our data suggest the presence of complex induction mechanisms of gal-3 expression in neuronally differentiating PC12 cells involving NGF-, but not CNTF- and IL-6-driven (in NGF-primed cells) Ras/MAPK-related signalling pathways. Staurosporine, in contrast, induces gal-3 expression by a Ras/MAPK-independent mechanism.
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PMID:Expression of galectin-3 in neuronally differentiating PC12 cells is regulated both via Ras/MAPK-dependent and -independent signalling pathways. 1462 91

Previous in vitro studies on primary osteoblastic and osteosarcoma cells (normal and transformed osteoblasts) have shown that oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin-6 family, possesses cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects in association with complex and poorly understood activities on osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we use rat osteosarcoma cells transduced with lentiviral particles encoding OSM (lvOSM) to stably produce this cytokine. We show that after several weeks of culture, transduced OSRGA and ROS 17/2.8 cells are growth inhibited and sensitized to apoptosis induced by the kinase inhibitor Staurosporine (Sts). Moreover, this long term OSM treatment induces (i) a decrease in osteoblastic markers, (ii) morphological changes leading to an elongated and/or stellate shape and (iii) an increase in osteocytic markers (sclerostin and/or E11), suggesting an osteocyte-like differentiation. We also show that non transformed rat calvaria cells transduced with lvOSM differentiate into stellate shaped cells expressing sclerostin, E11, Phex and functional hemichannels. Together, these results indicate that osteosarcoma cells stably producing OSM do not develop resistance to this cytokine and thus could be a valuable new tool to study the anti-cancer effect of OSM in vivo. Moreover, OSM-over-expressing osteoblastic cells differentiate into osteocyte-like cells, the major cellular contingent in bone, providing new culture conditions for this cell type which is difficult to obtain in vitro.
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PMID:Long term oncostatin M treatment induces an osteocyte-like differentiation on osteosarcoma and calvaria cells. 1916 67