Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Administration of adenovirus (Ad) vectors to animals induces innate immune responses, typified by elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6). To assess innate responses to Ad vectors in humans, we evaluated serum IL-6 following administration of E1(-) E3(-) Ad vectors to different human hosts and the relationship among peak IL-6 and peak anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies. We administered: 1) Ad(GV)CFTR.10, a vector carrying the normal human CFTR cDNA (3 x 10(7) to 2 x 10(10) particle units (pu)) to airways of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF); 2) Ad(GV)VEGF121.10, a vector carrying the normal human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)121 cDNA, to the myocardium (4 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(10) pu) of individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to lower extremity muscles (4 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(9.5) pu) of individuals with peripheral vascular disease (PVD); and 3) Ad(GV)CD.10, a vector carrying the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene to skin (7 x 10(7) to 7 x 10(9) pu) and airways (7 x 10(8) to 7 x 10(10) pu) of normal individuals and to liver metastasis (4 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(9) pu) of individuals with colon carcinoma. IL-6 increased mildly (up to 220 pg/ml) following vector administration to skin and lung airways of normal individuals and of individuals with CF, and to muscle and liver metastasis of individuals with PVD and colon cancer, respectively. IL-6 responses were higher (up to 1100 pg/ml) following myocardial administration. Control individuals who had chest surgery and bronchoscopy, but no vector administration, had comparable IL-6 increases. Thus, both administration of Ad vectors of humans up to 10(10) pu and the procedures used to administer the vectors elicit systemic IL-6 responses. There was no correlation among peak IL-6 and peak anti-Ad antibodies. These observations indicate that the innate host responses following administration of Ad vectors to humans may result from the procedures used to administer the vector, and from the vector per se.
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PMID:Systemic interleukin-6 responses following administration of adenovirus gene transfer vectors to humans by different routes. 1234 28

Intestinal epithelial cells produce cytokines in response to pathogenic bacteria. However, cellular responses of these cells to nonpathogenic strains, such as Bacillus subtilis, are yet to be determined. In this study, we investigate whether epithelial-like human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells produce cytokines in response to B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto). The latter strain is utilized for manufacturing the fermented soy food "natto". Live cells of nonpathogenic B. subtilis JCM 1465(T), B. subtilis (natto) and E. coli JCM 1649(T), as well as pathogenic S. enteritidis JCM 1652 and P. aeruginosa JCM 5516 strains, induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or IL-8, but not IL-7, IL-15 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers cultured with E. coli, S. enteritidis or P. aeruginosa decreased more rapidly than that of cells cultured with B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto). The amounts of cytokine induced by B. subtilis (natto) cells were strain-dependent. Moreover, B. subtilis (natto) cells subjected to hydrochloric acid treatment, but not autoclaving, induced a higher secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 than intact cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including AG126 and genistein, suppressed cytokine secretion. Our results suggest that the nonpathogenic B. subtilis (natto) bacterium induces cytokine responses in intestinal epithelial cells via activation of an intracellular signaling pathway, such as that of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB).
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PMID:Cytokine responses of human intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells to the nonpathogenic bacterium Bacillus subtilis (natto). 1259 28

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. It has so far been molecularly defined mainly by alterations of the Wnt pathway. We show here for the first time that aberrant activities of the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT3 actively contribute to this malignancy and, thus, are a potential therapeutic target for CRC. Constitutive STAT3 activity was found to be abundant in dedifferentiated cancer cells and infiltrating lymphocytes of CRC samples, but not in non-neoplastic colon epithelium. Cell lines derived from malignant colorectal tumors lost persistent STAT3 activity in culture. However, implantation of colon carcinoma cells into nude mice resulted in restoration of STAT3 activity, suggesting a role of an extracellular stimulus within the tumor microenvironment as a trigger for STAT activation. STAT3 activity in CRC cells triggered through interleukin-6 or through a constitutively active STAT3 mutant promoted cancer cell multiplication, whereas STAT3 inhibition through a dominant-negative variant impaired IL-6-driven proliferation. Blockade of STAT3 activation in CRC-derived xenograft tumors slowed down their development, arguing for a contribution of STAT3 to colorectal tumor growth.
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PMID:Persistent STAT3 activation in colon cancer is associated with enhanced cell proliferation and tumor growth. 1603 5

Previous studies on a murine model have demonstrated that the administration of Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus casei inhibits the development of fibrosarcoma and colon carcinoma, respectively. The aim of this work was to study the beneficial effects of the consumption of milk fermented by L. helveticus on a murine model for mammary carcinoma. Female BALB/c mice were challenged by a single subcutaneous injection of tumoral cells (American Type Culture Collection 4T1) in the left mammary gland. Prior to tumour injection, mice were fed for two, five or seven consecutive days with fermented milk. The following factors were monitored for 2 months: rate of tumour development, histological studies, apoptosis, phagocytic index, peritoneal macrophages, determination of beta-glucuronidase enzyme in peritoneal macrophages, determination of gamma-interferon (INFgamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in blood serum, determination of CD4+, CD8+, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, TNF-alpha and INFgamma by immunoperoxidase, and measurement of beta-glucuronidase activity in intestinal fluid. The administration of L. helveticus delayed the development of the tumour in all cases, a 2- or 7-day feeding period being most effective. This work demonstrates that milk fermented with L. helveticus decreases the growth rate of mammary tumours. The effect was mediated by increased apoptosis and decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-6, implicated in oestrogen synthesis.
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PMID:Effect of milk fermented with a Lactobacillus helveticus R389(+) proteolytic strain on the immune system and on the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells in mice. 1683 Dec 11

UV-inactivated, replication-defective Sendai virus particles [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)] injected into murine colon carcinoma (CT26) tumors growing in syngeneic BALB/c mice eradicated 60% to 80% of the tumors and obviously inhibited the growth of the remainder. Induced adaptive antitumor immune responses were dominant in the tumor eradication process because the effect was abrogated in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Murine and human dendritic cells underwent dose-dependent maturation by HVJ-E in vitro. Profiles of cytokines secreted by dendritic cells after HVJ-E stimulation showed that the amount of interleukin-6 (IL-6) released was comparable to that elicited by live HVJ. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that HVJ-E induced a remarkable infiltration of dendritic cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into tumors. In addition, CT26-specific CTLs were induced with the evidence of enhanced CD8+ T-cell activation in a CD4+CD25- T cell-dependent manner. On the other hand, conditioned medium from dendritic cells stimulated by HVJ-E rescued CD4+CD25- effector T-cell proliferation from Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression and IL-6 was presumably dominant for this phenomenon. We also confirmed such rescue in mice treated with HVJ-E in vivo. Moreover, antitumor effect of HVJ-E was significantly reduced by an in vivo blockade of IL-6 signaling. This is the first report to show that HVJ-E alone can eradicate tumors and the mechanism through which it induces antitumor immune responses. Because it can enhance antitumor immunity and simultaneously remove Treg-mediated suppression, HVJ-E shows promise as a novel therapeutic for cancer immunotherapy.
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PMID:Inactivated Sendai virus particles eradicate tumors by inducing immune responses through blocking regulatory T cells. 1721 Jul 3

Mistletoe extracts are widely used in complementary and alternative cancer therapy in Europe. The extracts possess cytotoxic, as well as immunostimulatory effects. However, some investigators have suggested that low doses of mistletoe extracts could also induce tumor growth. The mistletoe extracts Helixor A, Helixor M and Helixor P were investigated for growth inhibitory and stimulatory effects in a panel of 38 human tumor cell lines in vitro. Mistletoe lectin I (ML-1), adriamycin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were used as reference compounds. All three mistletoe preparations showed cytotoxic activity [T/C (Test/Control) < 30%]: Helixor P was the most potent, followed by Helixor M and Helixor A with IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values of 68.4, 114 and 133 microg/ml, respectively. The IC50 values of ML-1 and adriamycin were 0.026 and 0.069 microg/ml. None of the human tumor cell lines in the panel showed growth stimulation (T/C (Test/Control) > 125%) by the mistletoe extracts or ML-1, apart from two exceptions in the colon carcinoma cell line HCC-2998, in which Helixor M and ML-1 showed a marginal stimulation (TIC 128% and 131%, respectively) at one concentration only. Further investigations into the latter effect of Helixor M and ML-1 in the HCC-2998 line using five different proliferation assays, modified cell culture conditions and the identical production charge of mistletoe extract, as well as a new one, did not confirm the previous observation. It was concluded that the marginal stimulation found in the earlier experiments was a statistical coincidence. Helixor mistletoe preparations and ML-1 have cytotoxic activity and do not stimulate tumor cell proliferation in vitro which is in accordance with previous scientifically based observations on aqueous mistletoe extracts.
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PMID:Cytotoxic activity and absence of tumor growth stimulation of standardized mistletoe extracts in human tumor models in vitro. 1735 37

Inflammation occurs in response to host injury or infection, as the result of an autoimmune disease, or in response to the development of a tumor. Although the immune system may be helpful in fighting the tumor, it may also fuel the tumorigenic process. In fact, recent data suggest a strong link between chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, and the development of cancer. For example, inflammation and scarring caused by recurring infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be a cause for cancers of the lung. Inflammatory breast cancer exhibits increased angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and has a higher metastatic potential than noninflammatory breast cancer. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been proposed as preventives for the development of colon carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to the proposed mechanism of action. Inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, serve as autocrine and paracrine growth factors for several cancers, and high levels of these cytokines may correlate with a poor prognosis and increased production of angiogenic factors. The state of the art of our understanding of this critical interaction is reviewed.
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PMID:Vascular endothelial growth factor and its relationship to inflammatory mediators. 1750 79

One scenario by which tumors escape immune recognition is the constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). This transcription factor mediates the production of tumor-derived factors that negatively influence target immune cells, such as dendritic cells, and polarize them toward immune-tolerance also through the induction of STAT3 activation. In the current study, the effect of p-STAT3-positive murine colon carcinoma cell line (CT26) on bone marrow-derived DCs was examined. The results showed a remarkable increase in p-STAT3 in dendritic cells (DCs) only after CT26-CM incubation. The induction of p-STAT3 in CT26-CM exposed DCs was attributed at least in part to the high levels of interleukin-6 secreted by CT26 in culture. This was also accompanied by a significant reduction in the response to the immunostimulatory adjuvant lipopolysaccharide by lowering the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40. Taken together, the results suggest an inhibitory effect of CT26 colon carcinoma on DC maturation through induction of STAT3 phosphorylation. Therefore, tumor-induced p-STAT3 in DCs can be seen as a promising target for colon cancer immunotherapy.
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PMID:Induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells by IL-6-secreting CT26 colon carcinoma. 2199 14

IL-6/STAT3 is one of the most critical cellular signal transduction pathways known to malfunction in colorectal cancer (CRC). As a target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) can be quickly induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulation but it then strongly inhibits IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation, functioning as a negative feedback regulator of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Aberrant activation of STAT3 and/or reduced expression of SOCS are strongly correlated with carcinogenesis, which therefore becomes a promising target for the development of novel anticancer chemotherapies. Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-known traditional Chinese formula that was first prescribed by a royal physician 450 years ago in the Ming Dynasty. It has been used in China and Southeast Asia for centuries as a folk remedy for various types of cancer including CRC. However, the precise mechanism of its antitumor activity remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found that PZH could significantly and dose-dependently inhibit IL-6-mediated increase of STAT3 phosphorylation levels and transcriptional activity in the human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, PZH treatment profoundly inhibited IL-6-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, two key target genes of the STAT3 pathway. Moreover, PZH treatment increased the expression of SOCS3. These results suggest that PZH could effectively inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of human colon carcinoma cells via modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and its target genes.
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PMID:Pien Tze Huang suppresses IL-6-inducible STAT3 activation in human colon carcinoma cells through induction of SOCS3. 2302 74

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1/CTF1) is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines that stimulates STAT-3 phosphorylation in cells bearing the cognate receptor. We report that Ctf1(-/-) mice (hereby referred to as CT-1(-/-) mice) are resistant to the hepatic engraftment of MC38 colon carcinoma cells, while these cells engraft normally in the mouse subcutaneous tissue. Tumor intake in the liver could be enhanced by the systemic delivery of a recombinant adenovirus encoding CT-1, which also partly rescued the resistance of CT-1(-/-) mice to the hepatic engraftment of MC38 cells. Moreover, systemic treatment of wild-type (WT) mice with a novel antibody-neutralizing mouse CT-1 also reduced engraftment of this model. Conversely, experiments with Panc02 pancreatic cancer and B16-OVA melanoma cells in CT-1(-/-) mice revealed rates of hepatic engraftment similar to those observed in WT mice. The mechanism whereby CT-1 renders the liver permissive for MC38 metastasis involves T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, as shown by selective depletion experiments and in genetically deficient mice. However, no obvious changes in the number or cell killing capacity of liver lymphocytes in CT-1(-/-) animals could be substantiated. These findings demonstrate that the seed and soil concept to understand metastasis can be locally influenced by cytokines as well as by the cellular immune system.
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PMID:Cardiotrophin-1 determines liver engraftment of syngenic colon carcinoma cells through an immune system-mediated mechanism. 2326 99


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