Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies suggest that adipocyte-secreted factors called adipokines are involved in obesity-associated complications including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Among those, adiponectin is an antidiabetic and antiatherogenic protein, concentrations of which are decreased in obesity-associated metabolic and vascular disorders. In contrast, leptin, tumor necrosis factor a, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are upregulated in obesity and contribute to the development of diabetes and vascular disease. In this review, the relevance of adipokines in obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases is discussed.
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PMID:Adipokines in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. 1791 55

LDL apheresis is an extracorporal modality to lower the concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, e.g., LDL cholesterol. We compared two recently introduced whole-blood LDL apheresis systems inpatients with hypercholesterolemia in a randomized cross-over trial with respect to their effects on lipoproteins as well as on other cardiovascular risk markers. Six patients (4 women, 2 men, median age 62.5 years, median BMI 25.9 kg/m(2)) on regular LDL apheresis were randomly assigned to receive six weekly treatments with either DALI (Fresenius) or Liposorber D (Kaneka). After 6 weeks, the patients were switched to the other device (again six weekly treatments). Blood was drawn before and immediately after LDL apheresis at three time points (last regular apheresis before the study; after six treatments with DALI and after six treatments with Liposorber D). LDL cholesterol concentration before the sixth apheresis (DALI 129 mg/dL, Liposorber D 132 mg/dL) as well as LDL cholesterol reduction during the sixth apheresis (DALI 68.3% and Liposorber D 68.4%) were similar with the two systems. CRP and fibrinogen concentrations were lower but interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, and resistin concentrations were higher after the last Liposorber treatment compared with DALI (P < 0.05, respectively). No differences were observed concerning adiponectin, ghrelin, and PYY levels. In conclusion, both devices were highly effective in eliminating atherogenic lipoproteins. CRP and fibrinogen were better eliminated with Liposorber D. However, following Liposorber D, interleukin-6 levels were higher than after DALI possibly indicating an increased inflammatory activation.
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PMID:Effects of two whole blood systems (DALI and Liposorber D) for LDL apheresis on lipids and cardiovascular risk markers in severe hypercholesterolemia. 1793 45

The metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by a clustering of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk factors, has become prevalent in children and adolescents in recent years. However, the reported prevalence data on the MetS in youths has varied markedly, in large part, because of the disagreement among the variously proposed definitions of the MetS. Obesity is defined by using body mass index, waist circumference, or percent overweight, pointing to the need for standardized use of anthropometric variables to define obesity with a well-defined reference year for each ethnic population. In addition, slightly different cutoff values are used for triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose. Therefore, International Diabetes Federation recently proposed unified, easy-to-use criteria for diagnosing the MetS in youths. To provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the MetS in youths, the degree of insulin sensitivity/resistance and its correlation with the serum lipid and blood pressure levels have been evaluated. In addition, the serum levels of adipocytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, resistin, interleukin-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and their correlation with childhood obesity have been extensively investigated. Recommendations for future research include exploring ways to assess visceral adiposity, to identify better biochemical markers for prediction of T2DM and disease progression, and to effectively intervene to prevent the MetS in youths.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome in youths. 1799 Nov 33

We compared the effects of telmisartan and valsartan on late lumen loss and inflammatory markers after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in hypertensive patients. This was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, 8-month follow-up study that included hypertensive patients with significant coronary artery stenosis treated with telmisartan (n=79) or valsartan (n=80). Risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity were similar between groups. After 8 months of follow-up, only the telmisartan group showed significant decreases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The decreases from baseline level in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly greater in the telmisartan group. The increase in adiponectin concentrations from baseline measurements was significantly greater in the telmisartan group than in the valsartan group (1.9+/-2.7 vs 0.4+/-2.0 microg/ml, respectively, p<0.05). Moreover, late lumen loss was significantly lower in the telmisartan group than in the valsartan group (0.1+/-0.4 vs 0.3+/-0.5 mm, respectively, p=0.001). Major adverse cardiac events were similar between groups. In conclusion, compared with valsartan, telmisartan was associated with a significant decrease in late lumen loss and inflammatory markers after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in hypertensive patients with significant coronary narrowing.
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PMID:Comparison of effects of telmisartan and valsartan on late lumen loss and inflammatory markers after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in hypertensive patients. 1803 59

White adipose tissue was believed to be just an energy-storage organ, but it is now recognized to be an active participant in energy homoeostasis and physiological functions such as immunity and inflammation. Macrophages are components of adipose tissue and actively participate in its activities. Adipose tissue is known to express and secrete a variety of products known as 'adipokines', including leptin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin, as well as cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The release of adipokines by either adipocytes or adipose tissue-infiltrated macrophages leads to a chronic subinflammatory state that could play a central role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with obesity.
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PMID:Adipokines: the missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. 1809 61

Breast cancer course may be influenced by a profile of steroids and peptides produced by mammary fat. The study was concerned with assessment of hormonal (leptin and adiponectin production, adipocyte diameter and aromatase level) and progenotoxic factors which characterize DNA damage (8-OHdG) and such cancer promoters as tumor necrosis (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbiturate reactive products (TRP), macrophage/histiocyte infiltration, estrogen 4-hydroxylase expression (CYP1B1) in mammary fat located 1.5-2 cm or not less than 5 cm away from tumor edge. Thirty-three pairs of mammary fat samples from 23 menopausal and 10 cycling patients were used. Closer proximity of mammary fat involved intensified biosynthesis of estrogens (as shown by aromatase level) and their conversion to catechol derivatives (as shown by CYP1B1 concentration) as well as accumulation of 8-OH-dG. Smoking and hyperglycemic patients and those with considerable mammary fat volume revealed accumulations of anti-inflammatory and progenotoxic cytokines (IL-6 or TNF-alpha). Hence, hormonal/progenotoxic ratio in mammary fat can be identified both by topographic, systemic and environmental factors.
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PMID:[Properties of mammary fat in breast cancer patients: topographic, systemic and environmental factors]. 1815 12

Possible correlations between adiponectin, leptin, CD146, a novel adhesion molecule localized at the endothelial junction, and other markers of endothelial cell injury, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and intracellular adhesion molecule, and markers of inflammation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in nondiabetic hemodialyzed patients with and without coronary artery disease were studied. Markers of endothelial dysfunction were elevated in hemodialyzed patients, predominantly with coronary artery disease. In multivariate analysis, kinetic urea modeling and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 remained the only positive predictors of adiponectin. In multivariate analysis, predictors of leptin were triglycerides, tissue plasminogen activator, CD146, and coronary artery disease. In multivariate analysis, predictors of CD146 were age, hemoglobin, and adiponectin. Elevated adiponectin correlated to CD146 may be the expression of a counterregulatory response aimed at mitigating the consequences in endothelial damage and increased cardiovascular risk in renal failure. The data provide further support for a link between adipocytokines, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk, and renal failure.
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PMID:Adipokines, linking adipocytes and vascular function in hemodialyzed patients, may also be possibly related to CD146, a novel adhesion molecule. 1816 May 86

Recent investigations of atherosclerosis have focused on inflammation, providing new insight into mechanisms of disease. Inflammatory cytokines involved in vascular inflammation stimulate the generation of endothelial adhesion molecules, proteases, and other mediators, which may enter the circulation in soluble form. These primary cytokines also induce production of the messenger cytokine interleukin-6, which stimulates the liver to increase production of acute-phase reactants such as C-reactive protein. In addition, platelets and adipose tissue can generate inflammatory mediators relevant to atherothrombosis. Despite the irreplaceable utility of plasma lipid profiles in assessment of atherosclerotic risk, these profiles provide an incomplete picture. Indeed, many cardiovascular events occur in individuals with plasma cholesterol concentrations below the National Cholesterol Education Program thresholds of 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol and 130 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The concept of the involvement of inflammation in atherosclerosis has spurred the discovery and adoption of inflammatory biomarkers for cardiovascular risk prediction. C-reactive protein is currently the best validated inflammatory biomarker; in addition, soluble CD40 ligand, adiponectin, interleukin 18, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 may provide additional information for cardiovascular risk stratification and prediction. This review retraces the biology of atherothrombosis and the evidence supporting the role of inflammatory biomarkers in predicting primary cardiovascular events in this biologic context.
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PMID:Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction. 1816 Jul 25

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. As traditional risk factors cannot alone explain the high prevalence and incidence of CVD in this high-risk population, the complex of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction has increasingly been studied as important non-traditional risk factors. Recent studies show that the adipose tissue is a complex organ with functions far beyond the mere storage of energy. Indeed, it has recently been shown that fat tissue secretes a number of adipokines - including leptin, adiponectin and retinol-binding protein, as well as cytokines such as resistin, visfatin, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. Adipokine serum levels are furthermore markedly elevated in CKD, likely due to a decreased renal excretion. Evidence suggests that these pluripotent signaling molecules may have multiple effects modulating insulin signaling, endothelial health and putatively CVD. As fat tissue is also a storage depot for energy, much needed in the catabolic milieu of uremia, further research is still needed to elucidate the likely complex interactions between these signaling networks, vascular health and outcome in this high-risk population.
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PMID:Obesity in chronic kidney disease: good or bad? 1818 91

A dihydropyridine calcium (Ca) antagonist, azelnidipine (CAS 123524-52-7, Calblock), exhibits hypotensive effects for a prolonged duration, and has been reported to have a strong antiarteriosclerotic action due to its high affinity for vascular tissues and antioxidative action. It has also been reported that azelnidipine does not cause tachycardia associated with the baroreceptor reflex due to vasodilatation. In this study, the antiarteriosclerotic and cardiac hypertrophy-inhibitory effects, and the autonomic nervous activity in essential hypertension of azelnidipine were investigated. The study was performed using the following 2 protocols: 1) Pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid arterial intima media thickness (IMT), echocardiography, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), adiponectin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 8-isoprostane were measured after an initial treatment with azelnidipine. 2) The treatment was switched to azelnidipine in patients who had previously been under treatment with amlodipine for essential hypertension, and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy (123I-MIBG), measurements of plasma norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and BNP, Holter electrocardiography, and heart rate variability analysis were performed. PWV, IMT, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha significantly decreased. The levels of 8-isoprostane, an antioxidative marker, were also significantly decreased, while adioponectin levels were significantly increased after the initial treatment with azelnidipine. After switching from amlodipine, azelnidipine exhibited a hypotensive effects comparable to amlodipine, and significantly decreased heart rate and the total number of extrasystoles. Noradrenaline levels and the LF/HF ratio were significantly decreased, and the washout rate was significantly reduced on 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. These findings suggest that azelnidipine inhibits the enhancement of sympathetic nervous activity and the progression of arteriosclerosis through its antioxidative effects.
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PMID:Clinical study with azelnidipine in patients with essential hypertension. Antiarteriosclerotic and cardiac hypertrophy-inhibitory effects and influence on autonomic nervous activity. 1819 91


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