Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Protein-energy malnutrition is associated with intrinsic defects in macrophage (MO) microbicidal function, but effects on MO-CD4+ cell interaction are unclear. This study examined the effect of protein-energy malnutrition on components of Ag presentation (AP) by peritoneal macrophages (PMO) and splenocyte responses (MLR) in the naive (resident) and infected state (mycobacterium-BCG), and assessed the potential role of prostaglandin (PGE2) and L-arginine-derived nitric oxide (NO) as regulatory mechanisms in these immune interactions. Mice were randomized to receive either a control (24% casein, RD) or low-protein (2.5% casein, LPD) diets for 8 weeks. PMO and splenocytes were harvested and AP function and MLR assessed +/- NG-mono-methyl-L-arginine (NMMA; competitive inhibitor of NO. synthesis) or indomethacin (PGE2 inhibitor). PMO components of AP were evaluated, including phagocytic function, MHC-class II (Ia) expression, and interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. PGE2 production and NO. (measured as NO-2) synthesis were also assessed. AP and MLR were preserved in protein-energy malnutrition in both resident and activated states. BCG infection in RD was associated with PMO activation as measured by increased O-2 and NO-2 release, but impaired AP and MLR responses. NMMA and indomethacin enhanced AP and MLR in RD groups only. Individual components of PMO AP (phagocytosis, IL-1 and IL-6 production) were defective during protein-energy malnutrition, as were NO-2 and PGE2 production. Thus, AP and MLR were preserved in LPD groups which may be related to a loss of prostaglandin- and L-arginine-mediated suppressor mechanisms.
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PMID:Antigen presentation in protein-energy malnutrition. 775 32

In 277 patients admitted to hospital for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) an aetiologic diagnosis was established in 68% with S. pneumoniae being the predominating agent. Four percent of the patients (12/277) died during their hospital stay, and only one of these patients was below 60 years of age. On admission, the most important factor, independently associated with fatal disease was a low serum albumin concentration, which was also a negative prognostic factor for the course of the survivors. In patients admitted to hospital for CAP, the finding of a low serum albumin level should therefore lead to intensified observation and treatment. Of 241 patients discharged after treatment for CAP, 50 patients were readmitted to hospital with recurrence of pneumonia during a 31 month follow-up period. This pneumonia incidence rate was more than five times that in a control population. Fifty-one of the patients (21%) died during follow-up, with 13 (25%) of the deaths directly associated with pneumonia. Systemic treatment with corticosteroids was associated with a higher risk of recurrence of pneumonia and death, while airway colonisation with Gram-negative enteric bacteria and a serum albumin below 30 g/l during hospital treatment of the initial pneumonia were associated with death from pneumonia after discharge. In 97 middle-aged and elderly patients admitted to hospital for CAP, malnutrition reflected by low triceps skinfold (TSF) and body mass index (BMI) values was associated with death during a six-month follow-up period, as was severity of disease on admission classified according to acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II). Admission serum concentrations of orosomucoid and alpha-1-antitrypsin were most closely correlated with in-hospital morbidity measured as days spent in hospital and duration of fever. The risk of readmission within six months of discharge was higher in patients with high admission levels of APACHE II and TSF. Measurement of serum concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid on admission should be considered in order to better predict hospital morbidity in these patients. Measurements of APACHE II and TSF on admission may give additional prognostic information on the interval from admission to six months after discharge. On admission 64% of the patients were hypoalbuminaemic, but only 6-10% were so at follow-up visits. Admission serum albumin concentration correlated negatively with investigated acute-phase proteins, and positively with other serum transport proteins, but no association with investigated nutritional measurements was found. The main reason for depressed serum albumin in elderly patients with pneumonia thus seems to be not malnutrition, but the inflammatory reaction per se. In 203 hospital-treated patients with CAP, the diagnostic and prognostic value of admission serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein was investigated. The highest levels of IL-6 and CRP were found in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, especially when bacteraemic. Patients with high IL-6- or CRP levels had longer duration of fever, longer hospital stay, and fewer had recovered clinically or radiographically at follow-up eight weeks after discharge. A high IL-6, but not a high CRP, also seemed to be associated with a higher mortality. The type-specific antibody responses to six pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens included in the 23-valent vaccine as well as antibodies against the vaccine were measured by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 65 middle-aged and elderly individuals treated in hospital for pneumonia eight weeks prior to vaccination. The antibody concentrations before and after the vaccination were comparable with those in a vaccinated age-matched control group who had not recently been treated for pneumonia...
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PMID:Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Factors of importance for the short-and long term prognosis. 858 66

The child with a malignancy frequently will have associated cachexia with significant weight loss and malnutrition. The reasons for this are multifactorial and may be related directly to the tumor, such as increased metabolic rate, circulating peptides leading to anorexia, and decreased intake due to poor appetite or gut involvement. There appears to be other reasons involved, including increased whole body protein breakdown, increased lipolysis, and increased gluconeogenesis. Release of certain cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and others may increase the cancer cachexia. Malnutrition in these children leads to intolerance of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as increased local and systemic infections. For many years, oncologists were hesitant to provide nutrition support to cancer patients for fear that tumor growth would be enhanced. Pediatric oncologists learned early that starvation plays no positive role in cancer therapy. Adjunctive nutritional support, either enterally or parenterally, supports the patient during therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Many studies have now shown that the nutritionally replete patient tolerates therapy better and in some pediatric malignancies may enhance survival.
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PMID:Nutritional support of the pediatric oncology patient. 943 98

The acute-phase protein (APP) response is regulated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but may also be influenced by malnutrition. The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to determine in rats the effect of a protein-deficient diet on IL-6 mRNA expression in intestine, liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and on alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2M) serum levels and hepatic mRNA expression; 2) to compare, in protein-deficient rats, the IL-6 and APP responses after a turpentine (TO)- or a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation; and 3) to determine the effect of a protein malnutrition on IL-6 mRNA expression in rat PBMC treated ex vivo with LPS. Interleukin-6 mRNA was present in intestine and PBMC but not in the liver of malnourished rats, and was absent in any tissue or cells of controls. A2M was present in the serum from malnourished rats but not after refeeding. AGP mRNA expression was not influenced by protein malnutrition. In malnourished rats, IL-6 serum level peaked later than in controls after TO and LPS treatment. In malnourished TO-treated rats, A2M mRNA increased earlier than in controls and remained detectable later than in controls. AGP mRNA expression after TO was not influenced by protein malnutrition. In PBMC of malnourished rats, LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression occurred earlier and lasted longer than in controls. Our results indicate that protein malnutrition by itself induces IL-6 and A2M expression, and that it modulates the APP response to inflammation.
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PMID:Induction and modulation of acute-phase response by protein malnutrition in rats: comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and acute-phase protein synthesis. 944 38

The spontaneous as well as mitogen-induced in vitro production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was studied in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 children with marginal protein-energy malnutrition, 43 children with definite protein-energy malnutrition and 38 eutrophic controls of similar age, sex, race and socioeconomical condition. PBMC were cultured without added mitogen or stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). After 48 h incubation, cell-free culture supernatants were collected and stored at -70 degrees C. The amount of IL-6 in the supernatants was determined by a specific bioassay based on the proliferation of B9 hybridoma cells using human rIL-6 as standard. The mean level of IL-6 was significantly increased in supernatants from nonstimulated PBMC cultures from definitely malnourished children as compared with that observed in those of the controls. Stimulation with either LPS or PHA induced a rise in cytokine bioactivity in the supernatants of PBMC cultures from the different nutritional groups tested. Interestingly, IL-6 was significantly increased in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated cultures from malnourished children as compared with those of the controls.
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PMID:Production of interleukin-6 in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with primary protein-calorie malnutrition and from eutrophic controls. 981 17

In recent years, acute phase reactants have been reevaluated as not merely biochemical markers of inflammation but also as active modulators of the inflammatory response. C-reactive protein - which is normally present in serum in only trace amounts, but whose concentration may rise markedly with inflammatory stimuli - was the first human acute phase protein discovered. It is now clear that cytokines are the major mediators of acute phase protein induction: interleukin-6 currently is felt to be the principal cytokine influencing C-reactive protein acute changes. Several studies have provided convincing evidence that among normal men, base-line serum levels of C-reactive protein are predictive of future myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The relevance of acute phase reactants in morbidity and mortality of haemodialysis patients has not been fully elucidated until now: in fact a few studies have implicated C-reactive protein in malnutrition, EPO-resistance, as a cardiovascular risk factor and as a marker of chronic stimulation in haemodialysis. The authors suggest the hypothesis of the occurrence of long-term complications in patients exposed to contaminated dialysate and suggest that back-filtration may induce a chronic, slowly developing inflammatory state that may be abrogated by avoiding backfiltration of contaminated dialysate.
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PMID:Plasma C-reactive protein in haemodialysis. 1044 72

Many aspects regarding morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients are related to the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinical alterations resulting from cytokine production and release may include dialysis amyloidosis, malnutrition and atherogenesis. Cytokine release may also play a relevant role in immunodeficiency of dialysis patients by inducing alterations in immune and host-defense system. Interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor are three pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly produced by monocytes, and involved in pathogenetic aspects of hemodialysis-related diseases. In this review we analyse the mechanisms underlying monocyte activation and describe the different modalities for studying cytokine production and release. Clinical implications of cytokine production are also discussed.
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PMID:Cytokine production in haemodialysis. 1044 73

To investigate whether the preoperative nutritional state influences the postoperative inflammatory reaction and immunity, we grouped patients whose postoperative nutritional support was performed by total parenteral nutrition into the good nutritional state group (group I) and the latent protein-calorie malnutrition suggested group (group II) based on the preoperative rapid turnover protein (RTP). Nutritional markers markedly decreased after surgery and recovered almost to preoperative levels on postoperative day (POD-) 7 in groups I and II. Nutritional markers on POD-7 in group II were significantly lower than those in group I (RTP, P < 0.001; albumin, P < 0.05). After surgery, levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and polymorphonuclear (PMN-) elastase were higher in group II than in group I (P < 0.01). In groups I and II, IL-6 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) rose before the remarkable elevation of CRP and PMN-elastase. In group I, all the nutritional markers showed a negative correlation with CRP and PMN-elastase. Further, a positive correlation was observed between IL-6 and CRP and between IL-8 and PMN-elastase. In conclusion, evaluation of the preoperative nutritional state appears to be very important for the prediction of postoperative complication.
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PMID:Influence of preoperative nutritional state on inflammatory response after surgery. 1057 57

Widespread metabolic changes associated with injury facilitate the delivery of nutrients to the immune system. The effect of specific nutrients administered by the enteral route on the immune response in trauma victims is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are influenced by the nature of the dietary fat in critically injured trauma victims. We measured plasma TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 and their release stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from PBMCs of 13 severely injured (injury severity score = 30 +/- 2) patients once within 48-60 h after injury and then after 7 d of enteral feeding (1.5 g protein[P].kg-1.d-1). Group I (n = 6) received diet A (Crucial) and group II (n = 7) received diet B (Impact). The plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in trauma patients are not significantly different from those in healthy volunteers, but plasma IL-6 levels are significantly increased (five times) in severely injured patients. Stimulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion by LPS and PHA were significantly higher in patients than in control subjects; in contrast, there was no stimulation of IL-6 because of trauma or nutritional support by either of the diets. Stimulation of IL-1 beta by LPS was normalized by Crucial but was further enhanced by Impact. The higher fat content in Crucial may contribute in part to the apparent immunomodulation. Crucial seems to be a better choice in correcting the nutritional deficiency.
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PMID:Proinflammatory cytokine production by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in trauma patients fed immune-enhancing enteral diets. 1057 58

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been shown to be immunologically more labile than other types of cancer. In this study, we examined tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production of peripheral blood monocytes in 38 RCC patients. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by adherence to a plastic dish and cultured with lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. The culture supernatant was obtained, and the production of TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 was measured by ELISA. As a result, TNF alpha and IL-1 beta production was significantly higher in the high stage patients compared to the control subjects and low stage patients. When the patients were divided according to serum C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 production was significantly higher in the CRP-positive patients compared to the control subjects and the CRP-negative patients. Overexpression of these cytokines may therefore induce a hypermetabolic status that may be a cause of malnutrition and cancer cachexia.
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PMID:TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 production by peripheral blood monocytes in patients with renal cell carcinoma. 1076 74


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