UNIPROT:P05231 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes and keratinocytes upon stimulation. Because psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by a hyperproliferative activity of keratinocytes and an inflammatory infiltrate, in the present study IL-6 production of monocytes and keratinocytes of patients with psoriasis was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from psoriatics, atopics, and healthy controls were incubated for 24 h and, subsequently, supernatant IL-6 activity was measured using an IL-6-dependent hybridoma cell line (B9). Compared to controls and atopics, PBMC of psoriatics produced significantly increased amounts of biologically active IL-6. These findings were also confirmed by Western blot analysis using a specific antiserum directed against IL-6. Moreover, when the sera of the same patients were tested for IL-6 activity, sera of psoriatics contained significantly elevated amounts of circulating IL-6 in comparison to samples from atopics and healthy controls. In contrast to normal or uninvolved skin, keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions were remarkably positive for IL-6 as detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. In addition, IL-6 also was found to induce its own synthesis and release by monocytes. These findings indicate that keratinocytes and monocytes in psoriasis are activated to produce increased amounts of IL-6, which may be one of the mediators involved in the regulation of both local and systemic inflammatory reactions occurring in skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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PMID:Increased IL-6 production by monocytes and keratinocytes in patients with psoriasis. 205 89

Psoriasis represents an inflammatory skin disorder which is characterized by a marked hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in association with vascular expansion, fibroblast activation, leukocyte infiltration, alterations of eicosanoid metabolism and of cytokine production. However, it is unclear at present whether these changes may be a cause or a result of the significantly increased keratinocyte turnover. More than one mechanism is involved in triggering active psoriasis, particularly a genetic predisposition and environmental factors affecting the immune system. Most of the therapeutic regimes used for the treatment of psoriasis are immunosuppressive. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that a specific defect of the immune system represents an important pathogenic principle in psoriasis. There are several lines of evidence that changes in cytokine production by keratinocytes and immunocompetent cells in the skin of the patients (particularly of interleukin-6 and TGF-alpha) may play an important role in the propagation of the inflammatory response in psoriasis. Further studies are required to reveal the role of a local T-cell activation as a basic mechanism for initiation and maintenance of the psoriatic inflammatory response. Accordingly, parameters, such as the evaluation of cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, as well as the measurement of cellular activation products, may be useful tools for diagnosis and monitoring of psoriasis.
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PMID:The role of cytokines in the psoriatic inflammation. 769 46

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by marked hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in association with vascular expansion, fibroblast activation, leucocyte infiltration, and alterations of eicosanoid metabolism and of cytokine production. However, it is unclear at present whether these changes are the cause or the effect of the significantly increased keratinocyte turnover. More than one mechanism is involved in triggering active psoriasis; genetic predisposition and environmental factors affecting the immune system have a particularly important role. Most of the therapeutic regimens used for the treatment of psoriasis are immunosuppressive. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that a specific defect of the immune system is the major pathogenic principle in psoriasis. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that changes in cytokine production by keratinocytes and immunocompetent cells in the skin of the patients, particularly of interleukin-6 and TGF alpha, may play an important part in propagation of the inflammatory response in psoriasis. Further studies are required to find how far local T-cell activation is involved as a basic mechanism of initiation and maintenance of the psoriatic inflammatory response. Accordingly, parameters such as the evaluation of cytokine production in vitro and in vivo and the measurement of cellular activation products may be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of psoriasis.
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PMID:[The role of cytokines for the pathogenesis of psoriasis]. 848 97

1. Keratinocytes are functionally divided into stem cells, transit amplifying cells and terminally differentiated cells. In a hyperproliferative skin disease, psoriasis, increased mitotic activity of the stem cells is chiefly responsible for epidermal hyperplasia. The effects of 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and potent vitamin D3 analogues (MC 1288: 20-epi-1,25(OH)2D3, MC 1301: 20-epi-24a-homo-26,27-dimethyl-1,25(OH)2D3, KH 1060: 20-epi-22-oxa-24a-homo-26,27-dimethyl-1,25(OH)2D3) on the stem cells were investigated. 2. Stem cells were identified retrospectively as those giving rise to large keratinocyte colonies in culture (holoclones). 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-8)-10(-6) M) suppressed formation of holoclones by stimulating the progenitor cell differentiation into the phenotype expressing differentiation markers (keratins K1/K10 and involucrin). 3. 20-Epi vitamin D3 analogues were more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 in inhibiting the clonal keratinocyte growth. This activity correlated with the ability to induce cell differentiation (KH 1060 > MC 1301 > MC 1288 > 1,25(OH)2D3). 4. Cytokines modulated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on clonal growth. One of the following cytokines (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8) was required for 1,25(OH)2D3 to suppress clonal growth and induce cell differentiation. In contrast, keratinocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I attenuated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3. 5. In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2D3 and 20-epi vitamin D3 analogues suppress clonal growth by directly inducing the differentiation of progenitor cells. It is conceivable that stimulation of stem cells differentiation is a major mechanism of action of vitamin D3 compounds in psoriasis. Balance between different types of cytokines in psoriatic epidermis may be an important factor determining the clinical effect of vitamin D-based therapy.
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PMID:Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20-epi analogues (MC 1288, MC 1301, KH 1060), on clonal keratinocyte growth: evidence for differentiation of keratinocyte stem cells and analysis of the modulatory effects of cytokines. 913 25

Atopic dermatitis is a lymphocyte-mediated skin disease. We studied the expression of the adhesion molecule alpha6 integrin by immunohistochemistry in spontaneous atopic inflammation as well as during the eliciting phase of atopen (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), antigen (nickel sulfate) and irritative (anthralin) induced patch test reactions in atopic skin. Results were compared with nickel sulfate patch test reactions in normal skin. A role of the alpha6 integrin, expressed at the luminal side of blood vessels, for T cell migration in lesional atopic skin was supposed. In normal human skin the alpha6 integrin was weakly expressed by blood vessels and by basal epithelial cells of the epidermis. In acute and chronic lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis dramatic upregulation of alpha6 integrin expression was observed on endothelial cells and in the epidermis. The similar pattern of upregulated suprabasal alpha6 integrin expression was established in the patch test reactions 48 h after atopen and antigen application or irritation of the skin without differences in dependence on the eliciting substance. No difference of alpha6 integrin expression was seen between atopic and normal skin. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-4 and interferon gamma play a role in atopic inflammation. Tumor growth factor beta and interleukin-6 are mitogenic/growth factors for keratinocytes. For this reason the effect of these cytokines and of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the expression level of alpha6 integrin was tested in short-term skin organ culture of normal and atopic skin as well as in keratinocyte cultures. In these assays no cytokines had an effect on alpha6 integrin expression suggesting another mechanism which regulates this integrin. However, the increased expression of alpha6 integrin in the suprabasal epidermis is associated with a T cell influx into the epidermis. We speculate that the alpha6 integrin expression may lead to an epidermotropism of T cells during inflammation.
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PMID:Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: upregulation of alpha6 integrin expression in spontaneous lesional skin as well as in atopen, antigen and irritative induced patch test reactions. 925 May 97

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a neutrophilic dermatosis that is frequently associated with malignancies such as myeloproliferative disorders. The development of this dermatologic disorder is thought to be mediated by immunological mechanisms. A case of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with the administration of alpha2b-interferon (alpha2b-IFN) in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia is described. Discontinuation of alpha2b-IFN and the administration of cyclosporin A and prednisone resulted in cure of the pyoderma gangrenosum. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor increased when the cutaneous lesions appeared and returned to normal levels when the lesion healed. We believe that this is the first reported case of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with alpha2b-IFN therapy.
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PMID:Pyoderma gangrenosum triggered by alpha2b-interferon in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia. 966 91

Our objective was to evaluate the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble receptors of IL-2 (sIL-2R), IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1ra) in the serum of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to assess the correlation between these levels and parameters of clinical activity of skin and joint disease. In total, 34 patients with PsA and ten healthy volunteers participated in the study. Assessment of joint disease included duration of morning stiffness, number of tender and swollen joints, right and left grip, the presence of inflammatory spinal back pain, and Schober test. Current severity of skin disease was graded according to the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined as a marker of disease activity. Serum levels of IL-6, sIL-2R, IL-1ra, and IL-10 were measured by an enzyme immunoassay kit. Significantly higher serum levels of IL-6, sIL-2R, IL-1ra, and IL-10 were found in patients with PsA in comparison with healthy volunteers. A statistically significant correlation was found between levels of sIL-2R and PASI, whereas no association was found with clinical parameters of joint severity. Levels of IL-lra correlated with the number of tender and swollen joints. No correlation was found between levels of IL-6, IL-10, and clinical parameters of skin and joint severity. In the group of patients with PsA, serum levels of sIL-2R clearly correlated with severity of skin disease, whereas levels of IL-1ra were associated with joint severity.
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PMID:Serum levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1ra, and sIL-2R in patients with psoriatic arthritis. 1077 88

An outbreak of exudative epidermitis (EE) among piglets in a Swedish SPF-herd initiated a survey for indications as to the cause of disease. The herd was established by caesarean section and has been closed to all new animal material, with the exception of semen for artificial insemination (AI). The study comprised serum samples from the SPF-herd over a 10-year period (n=109) and a close monitoring of animals in the herd during the period after the EE outbreak. Serum samples from conventional boars at the AI-station servicing the herd were also included (n=9). All serum samples were tested for antibodies to porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-6. The PVC-2 serology showed that animals in the herd were sero-negative at least until 2 months prior to the EE outbreak. During the period close after the EE outbreak the animals showed varying levels of antibodies to PCV-2 but all the tested animals had sero-converted 4 months later. The AI boars were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at the time of the EE outbreak. Animals in the SPF-herd remained sero-positive to PCV-2 during the following 7 years. In the monitored litters, one piglet had clinical EE and 15 piglets displayed defined erythemas on the abdomen. Fourteen of the piglets also had IFN-alpha in serum on one or more occasions during the study, indicating viral activity among the animals. S. hyicus was isolated from all of the piglets from the earliest sampling point (3 days of age) and onwards, irrespective of clinical signs. PCV-2 was isolated from lymph node tissue collected from one of the EE affected pigs.Further, increases in the number of stillborn piglets, small litters (<6 piglets) and repeat breeders could be correlated to the time of PCV-2 sero-conversion. Coincidence of active viral infection and sero-conversion to PCV-2 points to the virus as the cause of the EE outbreak and reproductive disturbances.
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PMID:Exudative epidermitis and porcine circovirus-2 infection in a Swedish SPF-herd. 1195 78

As effector cells in host defence, neutrophils actively destroy invading microorganisms via a potent antimicrobial arsenal composed of oxidants and antimicrobial peptides. Psoriasin, an Escherichia coli-cidal antimicrobial protein, has been found to be overexpressed in psoriasis, a skin disease characterized by infiltration of neutrophils. In addition to its microbicidal activities and chemotaxis of neutrophils reported previously, we hypothesized that psoriasin might regulate other neutrophil functions such as cytokine and chemokine production, reactive oxygen species generation, and release of antimicrobial peptides. In the current study, we demonstrate that psoriasin activates neutrophils to produce a range of cytokines and chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8/CXCL8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha)/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4 and MIP-3alpha/CCL20. Furthermore, psoriasin induces phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), both of which are required for the production of cytokines and chemokines as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of p38 and ERK inhibitors on psoriasin-mediated neutrophil activation. Moreover, psoriasin stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils, most likely via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation. Finally, we demonstrate that psoriasin enhances messenger RNA expression of alpha-defensins, termed human neutrophil peptides (HNP) 1 to 3, and induces their extracellular release. Besides its antimicrobial properties, therefore, psoriasin may contribute to innate immunity through enhancing neutrophil host defence functions at sites of inflammation or infection.
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PMID:Microbicidal protein psoriasin is a multifunctional modulator of neutrophil activation. 1819 66

Acne is a complex, chronic and common skin disorder of pilosebaceous units. Although it is known that exacerbation of acne results from emotional stress, the nature of the association between stress and acne remains unclear. This is due in part to the lack of substantial evidence regarding the participation of cutaneous neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne. Culture of sebocytes provides a new insight into the participation of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), in the pathophysiology of acne. To examine the possible involvement of neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne, we used immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to compare the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), peroxisome proliferators activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-gamma) on the cultured sebocytes stimulated by SP. IL-1 is primarily proinflammatory cytokines to stimulate the expression of genes associated with inflammation. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities and regulates inflammation. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that exerts multiple biologic effects. PPAR-gamma is a nuclear hormone receptor and plays a unique role in stimulating sebocyte lipogenesis. More numerous immunoreactivity to IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma and increased RNA amplification for IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma were observed after addition of SP compared with the control. This study reveals that SP is involved in the pathogenesis of acne.
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PMID:Influence of substance-P on cultured sebocytes. 1842 22

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