Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Colony-stimulating factors are a family of glycoproteins instrumental in regulation of hematopoiesis and inflammation. Clinical effects of various colony-stimulating factors have been reported in murine and human hosts. This review summarizes findings from some clinical trial evaluations of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, and interleukin-7 administration to other species. These factors stimulate clonal expansion of progenitor cells in the bone marrow, induce differentiation of various cell lineages to a mature phenotype, and, in some cases, enhance the effector activities of immune cells. Each colony-stimulating factor has distinct lineages of bone marrow cells upon which they act, although there is some overlap in lineage activity and synergy between colony-stimulating factors. The close relationship in biological activity among different colony-stimulating factors is also reflected at the genomic level at which genes for some hematopoietic growth factors have been mapped to a region of human chromosome 5. Recently, colony-stimulating factor administration to cattle and its potential application to disease control in bovine preventive medicine programs has been investigated. Data from recent hematological, immunological, and intramammary bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) challenge studies in dairy cows are reviewed. These studies, with limited numbers of cows, found that rate of new infections, as well as duration and severity of infection, were reduced by pretreatment of cows with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. The dose-dependent hematological and immunomodulatory effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration may explain reduced severity and incidence of mastitis in dairy cows given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
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PMID:Immunobiology of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: potential application to disease prevention in the bovine. 172 1

The role of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows was characterized. Six cows had 10 micrograms of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide infused into 1 mammary gland. Three other cows served as nontreated controls. Within 1.5 to 2.5 hours after infusion, endotoxin caused obvious edema of the mammary gland and increased serum albumin concentration in milk of infused glands 6 times. Milk somatic cell count began to increase 3 to 5 hours after infusion in all treated glands. At 7 hours after infusion, somatic cell counts were increased > 10 times, compared with counts in milk from control cows. Pyrexia of > 1 C developed in only 1 cow, but all treated cows had serum cortisol concentrations > 50 ng/ml in response to endotoxin treatment. High concentrations of IL-1 (10 to 600 U/ml) and IL-6 (2 to 22 U/ml) were detected in milk of infused glands beginning 2.5 to 4 hours after infusion. Endotoxin did not induce detectable amounts of tumor necrosis factor activity in milk or serum. Swelling and mammary gland permeability changes preceded any detectable increase in IL-1 and IL-6 activity, indicating that these clinical signs of inflammation were not mediated by these cytokines. Systemic responses and the leukocytic influx into endotoxin-infused glands developed after or concurrently with initial increases in IL-1 and IL-6 activities in milk. These results suggested that IL-1 and IL-6 may have a role in mammary gland defenses and in the pathophysiologic changes during endotoxin-induced mastitis.
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PMID:Cytokine production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in lactating dairy cows. 842 76

The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities was determined in milk and serum of cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis (CFM). TNF-alpha was detected in the sera from 26 of 32 cows with CFM. TNF-alpha levels were higher in the sera than in the milk. IL-6 was high in the sera of surviving CFM animals, but was low in animals that died and in healthy controls. Furthermore, the mean level of IL-6 was 20-fold higher in the milk than in the sera of mastitic cows. The level of IL-6 in the serum was correlated to that in the milk in individual animals. The presence of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the sera appears to relate to severe clinical condition of CFM, in the milk whereas they may play a role in generating inflammation of the mammary gland.
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PMID:Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities in the sera and milk of cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis. 930 May 53

Ten multiparous lactating sows were used to investigate whether intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS; Escherichia coli 0111:B4; 2.0 microg/kg of body weight) would affect the circulating concentrations of Ca, P, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cortisol. The sows were randomly allotted to either control group (control) or LPS-treated group with five individuals per group and were infused with either physiological saline solution or LPS solution. The rectal temperature and udder quarter appearance were recorded at 0 (just before infusion), 1, 3, 7, 12 or 24 h after infusion. Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 7, 12 or 24 h after infusion. Before infusion, the rectal temperatures of all sows were below 39.2 degrees C. At 3 and 7 h after infusion, the sows in the LPS group had a rectal temperature over 39.4 degrees C. At 24 h after infusion, the rectal temperatures returned to pre-infusion levels. Serum Ca and P concentrations in the LPS group decreased (P < 0.05) after LPS infusion compared with the control group at 1 h after infusion. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the concentrations of 25-OHD were observed between groups control and LPS at any sampling time. Increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6 and cortisol were observed in the LPS group compared with the control group at 3 and 7 h after infusion respectively. In conclusion, the elevation of serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and cortisol and the alterations of circulating concentrations of Ca and P following LPS infusion indicate that the immune system has been activated and immune activation may affect macromineral homeostatic regulation, which might have important implications for metabolic health of lactating sows. Lowered serum Ca and P following immune activation also shows a causative mechanism whereby immune activation increases the risk of secondary disorders such as mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome. However, immune activation did not affect circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites.
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PMID:The influence of intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion on serum Ca, P, vitamin D, cytokines and cortisol concentrations in lactating sows. 1653 25

Elastase activity and concanavalin A (Con A) low affinity bovine lactoferrin (bLf) molecule were detected in mammary gland secretions (MGSs) from mammary glands (MGs) with clinical staphylococcal mastitis. Changes in clinical symptoms correlated with increases in both elastase activity and the concentration of Con A low-affinity Lf in MGSs from mastitic MGs. Bovine Lf treated with elastase (elastase-Lf) showed various small bLf molecules and the same image on Con A two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis as low Con A affinity bLf in MGSs. We confirmed the presence of four common bLf peptides for the elastase-bLf and low Con A affinity bLf molecules in mastitic MGSs, and synthesized four peptides. Strong mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells on stimulation with low Con A affinity bLf, elastase-bLf, and GQRDLLFKDSAL, a synthesis bLf peptide based on nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation. These results suggest that bLf was cleaved by elastase, and that this cleavage changed the physical function of Lf. Our results indicate that elastase induced production of low Con A affinity bLf, including the bLf peptide GQRDLLFKDSAL, and had an inflammatory effect on staphylococcal mastitis.
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PMID:Inflammatory effect of cleaved bovine lactoferrin by elastase on staphylococcal mastitis. 1689 85

A mastitis model in rats, induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection, was established and the protective effect of CpG-DNA on this model was determined. A S. aureus suspension containing 2 x 10(3) CFU.mL(-1) (SL group), 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1) (SH group) or 100 microL PBS (CON group) was inoculated into the mammary glands of rats 72 h after parturition. The rats were euthanized at 24 h post-infection. The histopathologic changes in mammary tissue from SL were mild, whereas the structural changes of the mammary gland from SH were severe and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) accumulated in mammary alveoli. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and N-acetyl-beta-d-Glucosaminidase (NAGase) in mammary tissue from SH were significantly increased, however, those from SL were not significantly changed. Therefore, 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1) was selected to test the potential protective effect of CpG-DNA on mammary glands. CpG-DNA (200 microg) or PBS (100 microL) controls were intramuscularly injected right after parturition of rats. At 72 h post-partum, 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1)of S. aureus (100 microL) were inoculated into the mammary gland of all rats and at pre-infection (0 h), 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h after inoculation six rats were euthanatized. CpG-DNA induced more rapid migration of PMNs from blood to mammary tissue at the initial stage of infection, stimulated the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha at different time points, reduced viable S. aureus in mammary tissue and decreased the activity of NAGase. CpG-DNA also promoted the expression of its specific receptor TLR-9 mRNA in mammary tissue. In conclusion, CpG-DNA protected against S. aureus mastitis in a rat model.
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PMID:Protective effect of CpG-DNA against mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rat model. 1732 66

Based on our previous study evaluating the in vivo cure efficacy of chitosan on bovine mastitis, a more water-soluble chitosan-oligosaccharide (OCHT) with a high degree of deacetylation and low molecular weight was prepared to obtain high antibiotic efficacy. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis was inhibited within 10 min of treatment with OCHT in concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 0.5%. Additionally, electron microscopic observation indicated that the surface of the OCHT-treated bacteria was expanded, distorted, and lysed compared to that of the control bacteria. In mice, the proportion of monocytes was elevated, and the levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma sharply increased l h after the peritoneal inoculation of the OCHT (0.5 to 1 mg per mouse). Mice challenged intraperitoneally with S. aureus (2.5 x 10(8) colony forming units) after oral treatment with OCHT (0.5 to 2 mg per day) for 7 days showed a higher survival rate (70-100%) than that of the control (10%). We suggest that the OCHT prepared in this study is a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis based on its strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus as well as the immunostimulative effect it exhibits on murine infection by S. aureus.
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PMID:The antibacterial and immunostimulative effect of chitosan-oligosaccharides against infection by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. 1736 30

The aim of this study was to evaluate in rats, changes in peripheral blood immune cells and mammary tissue after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results of the study showed that infusion of LPS induced a rapid migration of neutrophils (PMNs) from the blood to mammary alveoli, increased the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mammary tissues, decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase in serum and reduced the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. This is the first report of changes in peripheral blood immune cells and mammary tissue in rat mastitis.
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PMID:Evaluation of the changes of immune cells during lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in rats. 1796 44

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections in mouse mammary glands are rarely described and poorly characterized. In order to investigate the host immune response during coliform mastitis, several inflammatory parameters were evaluated at 24 and 48h following inoculation of mouse mammary glands with E. coli. Successfully challenged mice showed high values of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in blood. Systemic concentrations of the major inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also increased as compared to control mice, while interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels remained negligible. Infected mammary glands showed a significant increase of all cytokine levels as compared to control glands. In accordance, mammary expression of the biologically inactive proform of IL-1beta was strongly up-regulated. Remarkably, data obtained in wild type as well as caspase-1 knockout mice showed that IL-1beta maturation seemed to occur independently from caspase-1. Finally, E. coli infection also triggered activation of the nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the mammary gland. In conclusion, the current study provides novel insights on the contribution of major regulatory proteins to the acute inflammatory host response at the local and systemic level during E. coli mastitis in mice.
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PMID:Inflammatory mediators in Escherichia coli-induced mastitis in mice. 1824 14

The immunoprotective effect of the ligand-binding domain of fibronectin-binding protein (lFnBP) from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was investigated in a mouse mastitis model. The recombinant lFnBP (rlFnBP) and inactivated S. aureus were emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, mineral oil adjuvant or Seppic adjuvant, respectively. Seven groups of mice (n=12 each) were immunized with these six vaccines or phosphate-buffered saline. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers of mice immunized with rlFnBP vaccine were higher than those in the inactivated vaccine group (P<0.01). Antiserum capacities to opsonize adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rlFnBP immunization group than in the killed bacteria group (P<0.05). The immunized lactating mice were challenged with S. aureus. At 24h postinfection, the numbers of bacteria recovered in the rlFnBP group were significantly lower than those in the killed bacteria group (P<0.001). Levels of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma from the mammary glands in the rlFnBP group were higher than those in the inactivated group (P<0.05). Better protection of mammary gland tissue was shown in the rlFnBP group. Thus, the rlFnBP, emulsified in an oil adjuvant, provided strong immune protection against S. aureus mastitis in mice, and could therefore be a promising vaccine candidate against bovine mastitis induced by S. aureus.
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PMID:Protective effect of ligand-binding domain of fibronectin-binding protein on mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in mice. 2041 65


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