Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05231 (interleukin-6)
 23,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study aimed to investigate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in acute and chronic herpes simplex virus encephalitis. In the brain of 15 SJL mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, strain F, and 14 control animals we performed a sequential quantitative analysis of expression of IL-6 mRNA with reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. The viral burden peaked in the acute disease, and then returned to a low baseline value. At day 7 following infection, IL-6 expression was significantly (2.05-fold) increased as compared with the baseline expression in uninfected animals. Twenty-one days after infection the mRNA expression still was significantly (1.78-fold) upregulated. No significant differences of IL-6 mRNA expression between infected and control mice were found after 2 and 6 months. We observed a 2.5-fold increase of IL-6 mRNA expression in control mice with increasing age of animals. We have additionally studied the clinical evolution of HSVE in IL-6 deficient mice. In experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis IL-6, as a potent mediator of neuronal injury, is upregulated in the acute but not in the chronic disease. IL-6 deficient mice presented early and severe clinical signs of HSVE as compared to the wild-type C57/bl6 mice.
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PMID:Experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a long-term study of interleukin-6 expression in mouse brain tissue. 1533 51

Caloric restriction extends longevity and reduces the onset of chronic disease in many animal models. Recently, caloric restriction was shown in humans to be associated with lower blood pressure, decreased systemic inflammation, and improved cardiac diastolic parameters. However, the causation and mechanisms of caloric restriction were obscured by the varied diet composition of the participants. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat which develops gradual, hypertension-associated diastolic dysfunction was used in this study to assess the impact of caloric restriction upon decompensated pressure-overload hypertrophy. Male Dahl salt-sensitive rats were provided either a low-salt diet or a high-salt diet to initiate heart failure progression. A further subset of high-salt rats underwent 15% calorie restriction, with salt load held constant. Parameters measured included serial systolic blood pressure, body weight, and changes of left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters and ventricular geometry by echocardiography. After 18 weeks, fasting glucose, blood lipids, heart weight, kidney weight, lung weight, plasma interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha, and cardiac lipid peroxidation were measured. Low-salt rats did not develop heart failure. While high-salt rats displayed features of decompensated pressure-overload hypertrophy, moderate calorie restriction remarkably reduced morbidity. Compared to the high-salt fed group, the high-salt, calorie-restricted group showed reduced blood pressure, delayed onset of cachexia, lower fasting hyperlipidemia, lower cardiac, renal and lung weight, less plasma IL-6 and TNF-alpha, less cardiac oxidative damage, and improved diastolic chamber function and cardiac index. Modest calorie restriction, independent of salt intake, reduced pathogenesis in this well described model of decompensated pressure-overload hypertrophy.
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PMID:Moderate calorie restriction improves cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in the Dahl-SS rat. 1693 90

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the proinflammatory cytokines (and interleukin-6 [IL-6] in particular) are enmeshed in the response to somatic stress, either in health or in acute or chronic disease. Usually IL-6 is elevated in states of septic (such as sepsis) or aseptic inflammation (such as rheumatoid arthritis). Exercise is a form of somatic stress. Local tissue IL-6 elevation is noted during shorter and less intense exercise, whereas brief peripheral IL-6 "bursts" are observed with longer and more intense exercise. Therapeutic interventions that target IL-6 or its soluble receptor are currently assessed, with an emphasis on autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions.
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PMID:Interleukin-6: a cytokine and/or a major modulator of the response to somatic stress. 1719 81

Epidemiological studies report that a third of the cases of anaemia in older persons is unexplained. We compared erythropoietin (EPO), inflammatory markers and major comorbidities between older subjects with normal haemoglobin levels and those with different aetiologic forms of anaemia, including unexplained anaemia. Participants were a representative sample of 964 persons aged > or =65 years, with no evidence of bleeding, complete blood tests, and a complete blood count within 6 h of phlebotomy. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <130 g/l in men and 120 g/l in women, and classified as a result of chronic kidney disease, iron deficiency, chronic disease and B12/folate deficiency anaemia, or unexplained anaemia based on standard criteria. Of the 124 anaemic participants, 42 (36.8%) had unexplained anaemia. Participants with anaemia of chronic diseases had significantly higher interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, while those with unexplained anaemia had significantly lower CRP than non-anaemic controls. Iron deficiency anaemia was characterised by significantly higher EPO levels compared with other types of anaemia and normal haemoglobin, B12 and/or folate deficiency. Unexplained anaemia was characterised by unexpectedly low EPO and low lymphocyte count. Unexplained anaemia is associated with reduced kidney EPO response, low levels of pro-inflammatory markers and low lymphocyte counts.
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PMID:Unexplained anaemia in older persons is characterised by low erythropoietin and low levels of pro-inflammatory markers. 1734 Dec 72

Severe or chronic disease can lead to cachexia which involves weight loss and muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia contributes significantly to disease morbidity and mortality. Multiple studies have shown that the metabolic changes that occur with cancer cachexia are unique compared to that of starvation. Specifically, cancer patients seem to lose a larger proportion of skeletal muscle mass. There are three pathways that contribute to muscle protein degradation: the lysosomal system, cytosolic proteases and the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway. The Ub-proteasome pathway seems to account for the majority of skeletal muscle degradation in cancer cachexia and is stimulated by several cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma and proteolysis-inducing factor. Cachexia is particularly severe in pancreatic cancer and contributes significantly to the quality of life and mortality of these patients. Several factors contribute to weight loss in these patients, including alimentary obstruction, pain, depression, side effects of therapy and a high catabolic state. Although no single agent has proven to halt cachexia in these patients there has been some progress in the areas of nutrition with supplementation and pharmacological agents such as megesterol acetate, steroids and experimental trials targeting cytokines that stimulate the Ub-proteasome pathway.
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PMID:Mechanisms of skeletal muscle degradation and its therapy in cancer cachexia. 1745 54

Atherogenesis is thought to be mediated by local and/or systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and omega-3 fatty acids have been implicated in reducing these inflammatory markers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an isocaloric diet supplemented with a plant-based dietary omega-3 fatty acid [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)] on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Subjects included healthy adult males and females (approximately 79% female, average age 38 years) with increased waist circumference (mean WC=99 cm) and body mass index (mean BMI=29.8 kg/m(2)) who were free of chronic disease, not taking medications, and sedentary. Control subjects (n=24) did not to alter their habitual diet and the ALA group (n=27) followed an enriched ALA diet by using flaxseed oil capsules (increasing ALA to 5% of total energy intake) and lowered their dietary fat consumption by a commensurate amount. Fasting blood samples were obtained before and after the 8-week intervention. We found no significant changes in the inflammatory factors after this 8-week dietary intervention. This study suggests there are no beneficial effects of an 8-week ALA intervention on these inflammatory factors among young, healthy, overweight/obese subjects whose inflammatory factors are not significantly elevated.
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PMID:Inflammatory markers are not altered by an eight week dietary alpha-linolenic acid intervention in healthy abdominally obese adult males and females. 1761 44

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Over the past decade there has been much focus on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; to this end, there is increasing research on inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibrinogen (Fg). There is compelling evidence that physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) protect against chronic disease. More recently, research has shown that exercise reduces CRP, IL-6, and Fg concentration in adults, and that this is often independent of adiposity. Although there are some data to suggest that this is similarly true for young people, there is inconsistency in the literature. The following review aims to illustrate what is known about the effects of PA and PF on inflammatory factors in young people aged 5-18 years.
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PMID:Inflammatory factors, physical activity, and physical fitness in young people. 1862 53

Adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of unknown origin typically characterized by four main (cardinal) symptoms: spiking fever > or =39 degrees C, arthralgia or arthritis, skin rash and hyperleucocytosis (> or =10,000 cells/mm3) with neutrophils > or =80%. As many other manifestations are possible, diagnosis is potentially challenging. Determination of the total and glycosylated ferritin levels, although not pathognomonic, can help in diagnosis. The disease evolution of AOSD can be monocyclic, polycyclic or chronic. In chronic disease, joint involvement is often predominant and erosions are noted in one-third of patients. No prognostic factors have been identified to date. Therapeutic strategies are from observational data. Corticosteroids are usually the first-line treatment. With inadequate response to corticosteroids, methotrexate appears the best choice to control disease activity and allow for tapering of steroid use. For refractory disease, biological therapy with agents blocking interleukin-1 (anakinra) and then those blocking interleukin-6 (tocilizumab) seem the most promising.
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PMID:Adult-onset Still disease. 1902 63

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease with a complex underlying pathology and varied presentation in patients. Several novel biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have become available for the treatment of RA. Agents in late-stage clinical trials include golimumab and certolizumab, which are anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha agents; ocrelizumab, an anti-CD20 agent; and tocilizumab, an inhibitor of interleukin-6. As treatment options for RA expand, nursing care will play an increasingly important role in empowering patients through interventions such as patient education and adverse effect management.
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PMID:Biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis: 2008 and beyond. 1914 53

Exercise has beneficial effects on chronic disease, and the drive to understand the mechanisms of these benefits is strong. This article presents several compelling potential mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise, including reduced percentage of body fat and macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, muscle-released interleukin-6 inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-a, and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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PMID:Exercise, inflammation, and innate immunity. 1938 88


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