Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P05109 (S100A8)
 1,212 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Microglial cells are regulators of tissue homeostasis in the adult central nervous system and readily participate in pathological processes, orchestrating tissue remodeling. Cytokines produced by microglial cells are markers of cell activation and contribute to reactive processes. In this paper, we have studied the expression of IL-16 (leukocyte chemoattractant factor), a natural soluble ligand to the CD4 molecule, in human fetal brains from the 11th to the 20th(.) week of gestation by immunohistochemistry. Interleukin (IL)-16(+) cells were detected already at the 11th gestational week, accumulating with aging in cortical layers (P<0.0001) at the 16th and 19th week, and reaching maximum numbers in the 20th week. Most IL-16(+) microglia (>80%) revealed morphological hallmarks of activated microglia. We observed that IL-16 cells coexpress LCA (>80%) and MRP-8, an activation-associated Ca(2+) binding S-100 family member (>80%). In contrast, only few IL-16(+) cells proliferated (PCNA(+), 20-40%) or co-expressed the HLA-DR, -DP, or -DQ antigen (<10%), and rare coexpression with CD68 (20-40%) was detected until 17th week. No coexpression with CD4, CD8 or CD20 was detected. Furthermore, we observed accumulation of IL-16(+) microglia in zones of neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation. Increasing numbers of IL-16(+) cells were detected in bordering zones adjacent to the basal ganglia. Our data suggests that the early presence of IL-16(+) microglia exert a CD4-independent function-mediating activation, and chemotaxis of microglia precursors during neuronal development. In addition, IL-16 immunoreactivity might be a helpful tool to determine distinct developmental stages of microglial cells during fetal central nervous system ontogeny.
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PMID:IL-16 is differentially expressed in the developing human fetal brain by microglial cells in zones of neuropoesis. 1122 58

Tumor-related sarcoid reactions were analyzed in 14 lymph nodes in comparison with sarcoidosis using immunohistochemical markers to lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20), myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14 (S100A8 and S100A9), angiotensin I-converting enzyme (CD143), and mature or immature dendritic cells (S100, HLA-DR, fascin, CD83, and CD1a). We found that solitary epithelioid cell granuloma (ECG) first occur between lymph sinus and T-zone and that multiple ECGs mainly occur within T-zone, whereas confluent types often occupy the whole lymph node except some residual lymphoid follicles. This pattern suggests a continuous spread and growth of ECGs in sarcoid reactions along T-zone, where antigen presentation mainly takes place. Irrespective of granuloma type, a constant invasion of freshly recruited MRP8 + and MRP14 + macrophages was observed. Similar to sarcoidosis, angiotensin I-converting enzyme expression was a constant finding in epithelioid and giant cells, suggesting a common inflammatory pathway. An increasing ratio of CD4 + to CD8 + T lymphocytes (r = 0.789, P = .001) and a decreasing number of S100 + and CD83 + dendritic cells (r = 0.787, P = .001) within ECGs correlated with granuloma growth, whereas CD1a + immature dendritic cells were never observed inside ECGs. Our findings show that sarcoid reactions represent a T-cell-mediated immune response, leading to histological appearance and cell distribution similar to sarcoidosis and other granulomatous conditions, but the mechanism is different from dendritic cell-based tumor vaccination. Furthermore, mature dendritic cells occur inside ECGs especially of early sarcoid reactions but may not be required for the enlargement and further maintenance of ECGs, in contrast to CD4 + lymphocytes.
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PMID:Inflammatory cells in the formation of tumor-related sarcoid reactions. 1594 22