Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tumour suppressor protein p53 plays a key role in the cell's decision to arrest the cell cycle or undergo apoptosis following a genotoxic insult. p53 is stabilized and activated after DNA damage, however the cascade of events signalling from DNA lesions to p53 stabilization and activation is still controversial. Poly (ADP-ribosylation) of different nuclear acceptors by PARP-1 is an early event when a single strand DNA lesion is produced. We present here evidences that interplay between PARP-1 and p53 is dependent on the type of damage induced to DNA. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from parp-1 -/- mice exhibited decreased p53 accumulation and activation following gamma-irradiation compared to parp-1 proficient cells. On the other hand, treatment with the single alkylating agent 2'-methyl-2'-nitrose-urea (MNU), resulted in the rapid and sustained accumulation and activation of p53 in parp-1-deficient cells, while very little accumulation was observed in parp-1 +/+ cells. After IR, the turnover of the p53 inhibitory protein MDM-2 is perturbed and the level of phosphorylation of p53 at serine-15 is blunted in parp-1 -/- cells. PARP-1 is determinant in the cytotoxic response to alkylating agents but only partially contributes to radiation-induced cell killing, as determined by colony forming assay. Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.
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PMID:PARP-1 modifies the effectiveness of p53-mediated DNA damage response. 1185 Aug 28

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair. The therapeutic efficacy of drugs that inhibit PARP-1 in various disorders underscores the active role of PARP-1 in cell death. Although it is well established that excessive DNA damage causes PARP-1 hyperactivation, which leads to cell death by energy failure, a new mechanistic perspective is emerging following the identification of various PARPs that exhibit different features and subcellular distributions. Studies demonstrating the significant role of PARP-1 in the regulation of gene transcription have further increased the intricacy of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the control of cell homeostasis and challenge the notion that energy collapse is the sole mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribose) formation contributes to cell death. The hypothesis that PARPs might regulate cell fate as essential modulators of death and survival transcriptional programs will be discussed with particular focus on the regulation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappaB and p53. (An animation depicting the involvement of PARP-1 in the 'suicide hypothesis' is available at http://archive.bmn.com/supp/tips/tips2303a.html)
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PMID:Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: killer or conspirator? The 'suicide hypothesis' revisited. 1187 79

Two systems are essential in humans for genome integrity, DNA repair and apoptosis. Cells that are defective in DNA repair tend to accumulate excess DNA damage. Cells defective in apoptosis tend to survive with excess DNA damage and thus allow DNA replication past DNA damages, causing mutations leading to carcinogenesis. It has recently become apparent that key proteins which contribute to cellular survival by acting in DNA repair become executioners in the face of excess DNA damage. Five major DNA repair pathways are homologous recombinational repair (HRR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR). In each of these DNA repair pathways, key proteins occur with dual functions in DNA damage sensing/repair and apoptosis. Proteins with these dual roles occur in: (1) HRR (BRCA1, ATM, ATR, WRN, BLM, Tip60 and p53); (2) NHEJ (the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK); (3) NER (XPB, XPD, p53 and p33(ING1b)); (4) BER (Ref-1/Ape, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and p53); (5) MMR (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2). For a number of these dual-role proteins, germ line mutations causing them to be defective also predispose individuals to cancer. Such proteins include BRCA1, ATM, WRN, BLM, p53, XPB, XPD, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2.
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PMID:DNA repair/pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis. 1205 32

In vitro studies suggest that resistance to the apoptosis-inducing effect of chemotherapy might explain poor responses to therapy in fatal instances of Hodgkin disease (HD). Execution of apoptosis depends on proper functioning of effector caspases, in particular caspase 3, which is activated on the induction of apoptosis through either the stress-induced pathway or the death receptor-mediated pathway. Thus, high levels of caspase 3 activation should reflect proper functioning of one or both identified apoptosis pathways, resulting in chemotherapy-sensitive neoplastic cells and thus a favorable clinical response to chemotherapy. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying active caspase 3-positive tumor cells in primary biopsy specimens of HD and compared these numbers to clinical outcomes. Using an immunohistochemical assay, activation of caspase 3 was detected in 0% to 13% of neoplastic cells. High numbers of active caspase 3-positive tumor cells (5% or more) correlated with excellent clinical prognosis; 0 of 22 patients with 5% or more active caspase 3-positive cells died compared with 11 of 41 patients with less than 5% positive cells (P =.007). Proper functioning of active caspase 3 was demonstrated by the detection of one of its cleaved substrates, PARP-1/p89, in similar percentages of neoplastic cells. High levels of active caspase 3-positive neoplastic cells were associated with the expression of p53 and its downstream effector molecule p21, suggesting proper functioning of the stress-induced apoptosis pathway. In conclusion, high numbers of active caspase 3-positive neoplastic cells predict a highly favorable clinical outcome in HD patients, supporting the notion that an (at least partially) intact apoptosis cascade is essential for the cell killing effect of chemotherapy.
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PMID:High numbers of active caspase 3-positive Reed-Sternberg cells in pretreatment biopsy specimens of patients with Hodgkin disease predict favorable clinical outcome. 1207 5

We observed stronger cytotoxic effect of CHS 828 on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1) knock-out cells as compared with the normal counterpart. The proliferation of PARP-1 -/- cells was inhibited by a drug concentration approximately 3-fold lower than that in the normal cells. The monitoring of p53 levels revealed that CHS 828 induced p53 response in a dose-dependent manner in only normal cells. The drug, however, failed to activate the p53 protein in PARP-1-deficient cells even after combined treatment with multidrug-resistant modulators. These results show that the PARP-1 inactivation sensitizes cells to the novel anticancer drug CHS 828 and that the drug is able to activate different cellular pathways depending on PARP-1 status.
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PMID:Action of a novel anticancer agent, CHS 828, on mouse fibroblasts: increased sensitivity of cells lacking poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1. 1215 20

Malignant transformation of cells is associated with changes in gene expression. Gross alterations in chromatin organization may be involved in such gene dysregulation, as well as the involvement of specific transcription factors. Specialized genomic DNA segments that exhibit high affinity to the nuclear matrix in vitro have been designated as matrix/scaffold attachment regions (MARs/SARs). MARs are postulated to anchor chromatin onto the nuclear matrix, thereby organizing genomic DNA into topologically distinct loop domains that are important in replication and transcription. In support of this notion, MARs often colocalize or exist in close proximity to regulatory sequences including enhancers. Base unpairing regions (BURs) are typically 100-150 bp regions within MARs, possess an intrinsic propensity to unwind under negative superhelical strain, and are considered to be hallmark of MARs. To investigate a potential mechanism that could lead to significant alterations in gene expression in cancer cells, this review focuses on a group of chromatin-associated proteins that specifically recognize double stranded BURs. Several important proteins have been identified from cancer cells as BUR-binding proteins, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), Ku autoantigen, SAF-A, HMG-I(Y), nucleolin and p53. Many of these proteins are dramatically upregulated in malignancy of the breast. Increase in the amount of these BUR-binding proteins, some of which are known to interact with each other, may not only provide an architectural core but also recruit functional multi-molecular complexes at the base of chromatin loops to affect multiple distant genes. Experimental strategies by which these proteins can be exploited as carcinoma-specific diagnostic markers and as targets for antineoplastic therapy are discussed.
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PMID:Chromatin (dis)organization and cancer: BUR-binding proteins as biomarkers for cancer. 1218 16

Sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) affects primarily dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. There is evidence of necrotic and apoptotic neuronal death in PD, but the mechanisms behind selected dopaminergic neuronal death remain unknown. The tumor suppressor protein p53 functions to selectively destroy stressed or abnormal cells during life and development by means of necrosis and apoptosis. Activation of p53 leads to death in a variety of cells including neurons. p53 is a target of the nuclear enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), and PARP is activated following DNA damage that occurs following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. MPTP is the favored in vivo model of PD, and reproduces the pathophysiology, anatomy and biochemistry of PD. p53 protein normally exhibits a fleeting half-life, and regulation of p53 stability and activation is achieved mainly by post-translational modification. We find that p53 is heavily poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by PARP-1 following MPTP intoxication. This post-translational modification serves to stabilize p53 and alters its transactivation of downstream genes. These influences of PARP-1 on p53 may underlie the mechanisms of MPTP-induced parkinsonism and other models of neuronal death.
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PMID:A novel in vivo post-translational modification of p53 by PARP-1 in MPTP-induced parkinsonism. 1235 42

The present study was performed to gain insight into the role of p53 and p21(WAF1) on the cytotoxicity of the purine analogue cladribine (2-CdA) on cancer cells. Drug sensitivity, cell cycle distribution and drug-induced cell death were compared in three lines derived from the colorectal carcinoma HCT116: the p53+/+ cell line containing wild-type p53 and the p53-/- and p21(WAF1)-/- lines, in which both alleles of p53 or p21(WAF1) were deleted by homologous recombination, respectively. p53-/- and p21(WAF1)-/- cells were significantly more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of 2-CdA than the p53+/+ cells. p53+/+ cells and p21(WAF1)-/-, but not p53-/- cells, displayed wt-p53 protein accumulation and arrested in S-phase after exposure to 2-CdA. mRNA analysis of the transporter hENT1 and of enzymes involved in drug metabolism did not show alterations which might explain a drug-resistant phenotype in the p53-/- or p21(WAF1)-/- cells. Exposure of p53+/+ cells to 2-CdA resulted in expression of p21(WAF1) mRNA and protein, enhanced expression of uncleaved PARP-1, and a higher degree both of apoptosis and necrosis than in p53-/- and p21(WAF1)-/- cells exposed to 2-CdA. Addition of the specific PARP-1 inhibitor 3-AB to 2-CdA-treated cells rendered p53+/+ cells resistant to this drug. Bax levels were reduced in the p53-/- while they increased in the p53+/+ line and remained stable in the p21(WAF1)-/- cells. We conclude that p53 and p21(WAF1) status of cancer cells influences their sensitivity to 2-CdA cytotoxicity. This may involve alterations in the apoptotic cascade as well as in PARP-1-dependent cell death.
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PMID:Influence of p53 and p21(WAF1) expression on sensitivity of cancer cells to cladribine. 1247 86

Medulloblastoma is an invasive embryonal tumor of the cerebellum with predominant neuronal differentiation. Although several genes have been implicated in medulloblasoma formation, such as Patched (Ptc1) and the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (Apc), the majority of these tumors cannot be explained by mutations in these genes. The cellular origin as well as the genetic and molecular changes involved in the genesis and progression of human medulloblastomas remain largely unknown. Here we show that disruption of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) causes a high incidence (49%) of aggressive brain tumors in p53 null mice, with typical features of human cerebellar medulloblastomas. At as early as 8 weeks of age, lesions started on the outer surface of the cerebellum from remnant granule cell precursors of the developmental external germinal layer. Progression of these tumors is associated with the re-activation of the neuronal specific transcription factor Math1, dysregulation of Shh/Ptc1 signaling pathway, and chromosomal aberrations, including triradial and quadriradial chromosomes. The present study indicates that the loss of function of DNA double-strand break-sensing and repair molecules is an etiological factor in the evolution of the cerebellar medulloblastomas. These PARP-1/p53 double null mice represent a novel model for the pathogenesis of human medulloblastomas.
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PMID:Null mutation of DNA strand break-binding molecule poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase causes medulloblastomas in p53(-/-) mice. 1250 84

The regulatory mechanism of centrosome function is crucial to the accurate transmission of chromosomes to the daughter cells in mitosis. Recent findings on the posttranslational modifications of many centrosomal proteins led us to speculate that these modifications might be involved in centrosome behavior. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation to various proteins. We show here that PARP-1 localizes to centrosomes and catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of centrosomal proteins. Moreover, centrosome hyperamplification is frequently observed with PARP inhibitor, as well as in PARP-1-null cells. Thus, it is possible that chromosomal instability known in PARP-1-null cells can be attributed to the centrosomal dysfunction. P53 tumor suppressor protein has been also shown to be localized at centrosomes and to be involved in the regulation of centrosome duplication and monitoring of the chromosomal stability. We found that centrosomal p53 is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated in vivo and centrosomal PARP-1 directly catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 in vitro. These results indicate that PARP-1 and PARP-1-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of centrosomal proteins are involved in the regulation of centrosome function.
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PMID:Involvement of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 and poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation in regulation of centrosome function. 1264 Jan 28


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