Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is involved in the turnover of many short-lived regulatory proteins. This pathway leads to the covalent attachment of one or more multiubiquitin chains to target substrates which are then degraded by the 26S multicatalytic proteasome complex. Multiple classes of regulatory enzymes have been identified that mediate either ubiquitin conjugation or ubiquitin deconjugation from target substrates. Timed destruction of cellular regulators by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a critical role in ensuring normal cellular processes. This review provides multiple examples of key growth regulatory proteins whose levels are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Pharmacological intervention which alters the half-lives of these cellular proteins may have wide therapeutic potential. Specifically, prevention of p53 ubiquitination (and subsequent degradation) in human papilloma virus positive tumors, and perhaps all tumors retaining wild-type p53 but lacking the retinoblastoma gene function, should lead to programmed cell death. Specific inhibitors of p27 and cyclin B ubiquitination are predicted to be potent antiproliferative agents. Inhibitors of IkappaB ubiquitination should prevent NFkappaB activation and may have utility in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Finally, we present a case for deubiquitination enzymes as novel, potential drug targets.
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PMID:The ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway as a therapeutic area. 902 Mar 79

Hepatoma Hep3B cell lines stably expressing a temperature-sensitive p53 species (p53-Val-135) displayed a reduced response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) when cultured at the wild-type (wt) p53 temperature (Wang, L., Rayanade, R., Garcia, D., Patel, K., Pan, H., and Sehgal, P. B. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23159-23165). We now report that in such cultures IL-6 caused a rapid (20-30 min) and marked loss of cellular immunostaining for STAT3 and STAT5, but not for STAT1. The loss of STAT3 and STAT5 immunostaining was transient (lasted 120 min) and tyrosine kinase-dependent, and even though the loss was blocked by the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin it was not accompanied by changes in cellular levels of STAT3 and STAT5 proteins suggesting that IL-6 triggered a rapid masking but not degradation of these transcription factors. STAT3 and STAT5 masking was accompanied by a reduction in IL-6-induced nuclear DNA-binding activity. The data suggest that p53 may influence Jak-STAT signaling through a novel indirect mechanism involving a wt p53-dependent gene product which upon cytokine addition is activated into a "STAT-masking factor" in a proteasome-dependent step.
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PMID:Proteasome- and p53-dependent masking of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors. 903 May 16

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with a high incidence of liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis-B-virus-encoded X antigen (HBxAg) stimulates virus gene expression and replication, which may be important for the establishment and maintenance of the chronic carrier state. Integration of viral DNA encoding HBxAg during chronic infection results in increased X antigen expression. HBxAg overexpression may alter signal transduction pathways important for the regulation of cell growth during hepatocellular regeneration. The finding that HBxAg binds to and inactivates negative growth-regulatory molecules, such as the tumor suppressor p53, suggests additional ways that HBxAg may act in hepatocarcinogenesis. HBxAg may also stimulate the expression of positive growth regulators, such as insulin-like growth factor II and the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. The finding that HBxAg may compromise DNA repair and that it may effect the normal turnover of growth-regulatory molecules in the proteasome may also contribute to its carcinogenic properties. Hence, HBxAg may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic infection and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a variety of ways.
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PMID:Hepatitis B virus X antigen in the pathogenesis of chronic infections and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. 909 70

A crude fraction that contains ubiquitin-protein ligases contains also a proteolytic activity of approximately 100 kDa that cleaves p53 to several fragments. The protease does not require ATP and is inhibited in the crude extract by an endogenous approximately 250 kDa inhibitor. The proteinase can be inhibited by chelating the Ca2+ ions, by specific cysteine proteinase inhibitors and by peptide aldehyde derivatives that inhibit calpains. Purified calpain demonstrates an identical activity that can be inhibited by calpastatin, the specific protein inhibitor of the enzyme. Thus, it appears that the activity we have identified in the extract is catalyzed by calpain. The calpain in the extract degrades also N-myc, c-Fos and c-Jun, but not lysozyme. In crude extract, the calpain activity can be demonstrated only when the molar ratio of the calpain exceeds that of its native inhibitor. Recent experimental evidence implicates both the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and calpain in the degradation of the tumor suppressor, and it was proposed that the two pathways may play a role in targeting the protein under various conditions. The potential role of the two systems in this important metabolic process is discussed.
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PMID:On the involvement of calpains in the degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. 910 77

p53 is a short-lived transcription factor that is frequently mutated in tumor cells. Work by several laboratories has already shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway can largely account for p53 destruction, at least under specific experimental conditions. We report here that, in vitro, wild-type p53 is a sensitive substrate for milli- and microcalpain, which are abundant and ubiquitous cytoplasmic proteases. Degradation was dependent on p53 protein conformation. Mutants of p53 with altered tertiary structure displayed a wide range of susceptibility to calpains, some of them being largely resistant to degradation and others being more sensitive. This result suggests that the different mutants tested here adopt slightly different conformations to which calpains are sensitive but that cannot be discriminated by using monoclonal antibodies such as PAb1620 and PAb240. Inhibition of calpains by using the physiological inhibitor calpastatin leads to an elevation of p53 steady-state levels in cells expressing wild-type p53. Conversely, activation of calpains by calcium ionophore led to a reduction of p53 in mammalian cells, and the effect was blocked by cell-permeant calpain inhibitors. Cotransfection of p53-null cell lines with p53 and calpastatin expression vectors resulted in an increase in p53-dependent transcription activity. Taken together, these data support the idea that calpains may also contribute to the regulation of wild-type p53 protein levels in vivo.
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PMID:Proteolysis by calpains: a possible contribution to degradation of p53. 911 52

Proteolysis by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway controls the intracellular levels of a number of proteins that regulate cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. To determine whether this pathway of protein turnover was also linked to apoptosis, we treated Rat-1 and PC12 cells with specific proteasome inhibitors. The peptide aldehydes PSI and MG115, which specifically inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, induced apoptosis of both cell types. In contrast, apoptosis was not induced by inhibitors of lysosomal proteases or by an alcohol analog of PSI. The tumor suppressor p53 rapidly accumulated in cells treated with proteasome inhibitors, as did the p53-inducible gene products p21 and Mdm-2. In addition, apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors was inhibited by expression of dominant-negative p53, whereas overexpression of wild-type p53 was sufficient to induce apoptosis of Rat-1 cells in transient transfection assays. Although other molecules may also be involved, these results suggest that stabilization and accumulation of p53 plays a key role in apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors.
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PMID:p53-dependent induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors. 914 91

The tumour-suppressor p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Stabilization of the protein in response to an activating signal, such as DNA damage, results in a rapid rise in p53 levels and subsequent inhibition of cell growth. Tight regulation of p53 function is critical for normal cell growth and development, and one mechanism by which p53 function is controlled is through interaction with the Mdm2 protein. Mdm2 inhibits p53 cell-cycle arrest and apoptic functions and we show here that interaction with Mdm2 can also result in a large reduction in p53 protein levels through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation. Endogenous levels of Mdm2 are sufficient to regulate p53 stability, and overexpression of Mdm2 can reduce the amount of endogenous p53. Because mdm2 is transcriptionally activated by p53, this degradative pathway may contribute to the maintenance of low p53 concentrations in normal cells. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating the Mdm2-induced degradation of p53 may play a role in controlling the extent and duration of the p53 response.
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PMID:Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2. 915 96

Mutation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most common genetic abnormality detected in human cancers. Wild type p53 is a short-lived protein with very low basal intracellular levels. Most mutated forms of the protein, however, display markedly increased intracellular levels as an essential feature of their positive transforming activity. In this report, we have used selective inhibitors of the 20S proteasome to demonstrate that processing of p53 by ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation is impaired by commonly occuring mutations of the protein. We found that this impairment of p53 turnover can be reversed by treatment of tumor cells with the benzoquinone ansamycin, geldanamycin, leading to a marked reduction in intracellular p53 levels. Finally, using cells which over-express a mutant p53 protein, we were able to demonstrate that restoration of proteasome-mediated degradation by geldanamycin is accompanied by p53 polyubiquitination. Although much remains to be learned about the mechanisms involved, our data demonstrate that selective de-stabilization of mutant transforming proteins such as p53 can be achieved pharmacologically with agents such as geldanamycin which modify the function of molecular chaperone proteins within tumor cells.
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PMID:Geldanamycin-stimulated destabilization of mutated p53 is mediated by the proteasome in vivo. 919 Aug 97

The transcription factors p53 and E2F-1 play important roles in the control of cell cycle progression. In transient transfection experiments, expression of E2F-1, other E2F family members, or p53 squelched transcription from cotransfected plasmids in a dose-dependent manner. Although the proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and lactacystin markedly increased the level of expression of E2F-1 and p53, these inhibitors completely alleviated squelching by both proteins. Several observations indicate MG-132 alleviates squelching by influencing the conformation of newly synthesized p53 and E2F-1:MG-132 increased the fraction of wild type p53 bound by a monoclonal antibody which preferentially recognizes mutant conformers of p53, increased binding of hsp70 to p53 and inhibited nuclear accumulation of both p53 and E2F-1, but not the pocket protein p107. The protease inhibitors ALLN and ALLM did not influence expression of E2F-1 or p53, nor did they alleviate squelching by either transcription factor. Because MG-132 and lactacycstin are highly specific inhibitors of the proteasome protease, our results suggest that the proteasome influences post-translational processes involved in proper folding and cytoplasmic clearing of E2F-1 and p53.
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PMID:Transcriptional squelching by ectopic expression of E2F-1 and p53 is alleviated by proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and lactacystin. 926 62

Upon activation in response to cellular stress or DNA damage, the p53 tumor suppressor induces the expression of gene products involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Using the proteasome-specific inhibitors, MG132 (N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinal-L-leucinal) and lactacystin, here we show that the p53-response proteins, bax and mdm2 as well as p21, are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in HeLa cells. MG132 also increased expression of the three proteins in cells that lack p53, showing that stabilization of the p53 response proteins is not due to increased levels of p53 itself. Increases in mdm2 protein levels by MG132 was accompanied by increases in polyubiquitinated forms of the proteins. Our results indicate that ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation influences the turnover of downstream targets of p53, therefore suggesting that the proteasome plays a role in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in response to p53.
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PMID:mdm2 and bax, downstream mediators of the p53 response, are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. 943 91


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