Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The p53 gene is associated with malignant transformation as well as 'antioncogene' activity. In this report expression of p53 in resting and activated human blood monocytes and lymphocytes was studied. It is shown that human monocytes freshly isolated by continuous Percoll-gradient centrifugation contain detectable levels of p53 mRNA. Stimulation of monocytes by the potent activation inducer Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) for 3-5 h caused the disappearance of p53 mRNA. In contrast, induction of a high level of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA was detected. The addition of cycloheximide did not increase the p53 mRNA content in stimulated monocytes, and decreased the mRNA level in resting cells. p53 mRNA was absent in freshly isolated lymphocytes and in resting cells cultured for 20 h. Activation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin caused accumulation of p53 mRNA. We suggest that p53 gene regulation and functions might be different in human monocytes and lymphocytes.
 ...
PMID:The difference in p53 antioncogene transcription in human monocytes and lymphocytes. 154 68

Adenovirus E1B 19K protein prevents premature death of adenovirus-infected cells. Viral mutants (19K mutants) defective in the 19K protein induce enhanced cell death, resulting in fragmentation of viral and cellular DNA. The 19K protein can also suppress the effects of certain external cell death-inducing stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and various DNA-damaging agents that induce apoptosis. We have examined viral infection of permissive human cells and nonpermissive rat cells to determine if the 19K mutant induces apoptotic or necrotic type of cell death. Infection of normal rat kidney cells with an adenovirus type 2 19K deletion mutant induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and condensation of nuclear chromatin. Electron microscopic examination of these cells revealed the presence of condensed subnuclear bodies characteristic of apoptosis. In contrast, infection of human A549 cells induces random DNA fragmentation, and these cells do not exhibit characteristic condensation of the nuclear chromatin but contain enlarged nuclei loaded with virus particles. Therefore, it appears that adenovirus infection induces both apoptotic and necrotic types of cell death, depending on the cell type. Both types of cell death can be suppressed by E1B 19K protein. Similarly, a recombinant adenovirus expressing the human Bcl-2 protein but lacking the E1B proteins can efficiently suppress both apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by adenovirus infection. The requirement of p53 tumor suppressor protein in adenovirus-induced cell death was investigated by infection of human Saos2 and mouse p53 nullizygous (p53-/-) cells lacking p53 tumor suppressor protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:p53-independent apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths induced by adenovirus infection: suppression by E1B 19K and Bcl-2 proteins. 775 71

Fanconi anemia belongs to a group of human genetic diseases characterized by chromosomal instability, sensitivity to genotoxic agents associated to impaired processing of DNA lesions, cell cycle anomalies and cancer predisposition. We recently added to this list of distinctive features reduced production of interleukin 6 and overproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Since growth factor deprivation, TNF alpha treatment or DNA damage can trigger apoptosis, we monitored the apoptotic response of FA cell lines. We show here that, although the spontaneous rate of apoptosis is slightly more elevated in FA than in normal cell cultures, the apoptosis induced by gamma-irradiation is drastically reduced in FA. Since the induction of apoptosis by radiation is a p53-dependent mechanism, the induction of this protein in FA cells was also examined. We found that the p53 protein is not radio-induced in FA cells belonging to the two genetic complementation groups examined (C and D), in contrast to normal cells. Moreover, the same impairment in p53 induction is observed after exposure to mitomycin C, a chemical agent for which FA cells demonstrate a specific cellular and chromosomal hypersensitivity, as well as after u.v.-B irradiation, an agent known to cause oxidative stress. These observations are in line with recent reports showing that at least certain cell lines from other chromosome breakage syndromes, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Bloom syndrome, may be also defective for radiation-induced increase of p53 protein. As the p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a transcriptional activator whose targets include genes that regulate genomic stability, cellular response to DNA damage and cell cycle progression, we suggest that altered expression of p53 may be relevant to the FA phenotype.
 ...
PMID:p53-dependent pathway of radio-induced apoptosis is altered in Fanconi anemia. 782 83

The tumor suppressor p53 is a potent transcriptional activator that has been shown to regulate its own expression. In earlier studies, deletion analysis and site-specific mutagenesis identified the p53-responsive element that fits the p53 consensus sequence. In addition, the p53-responsive element was predicted to be a binding site for NF-kappa B. In this study, we showed that NF-kappa B present in HeLa nuclear extracts could bind the same DNA element in a sequence-specific manner. Co-transfection experiments showed that the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B, but not the p50 subunit, could activate the p53 promoter. In HeLa cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induced NF-kappa B activity. The p53 promoter was also induced by TNF-alpha under the same conditions. Both p65 transactivation and TNF-alpha induction of the p53 promoter depended on an intact NF-kappa B site. Detailed mutational analysis of the p53 and NF-kappa B responsive elements allowed differentiation of these two responses. Thus, we show that NF-kappa B activates p53 and that this activation is inducible by TNF-alpha. Since NF-kappa B induction occurs as a response to stress and p53 arrests cells in G1/S, where repair may be initiated, activation of p53 by NF-kappa B could be a mechanism by which cells can recover from stress.
 ...
PMID:NF-kappa B activation of p53. A potential mechanism for suppressing cell growth in response to stress. 805 Oct 93

Expression of the adenovirus E1A oncogene induces apoptosis which impedes both the transformation of primary rodent cells and productive adenovirus infection of human cells. Coexpression of E1A with the E1B 19,000-molecular-weight protein (19K protein) or the Bcl-2 protein, both of which have antiapoptotic activity, is necessary for efficient transformation. Induction of apoptosis by E1A in rodent cells is mediated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and both the E1B 19K protein and the Bcl-2 protein can overcome this p53-dependent apoptosis. The functional similarity between Bcl-2 and the E1B 19K protein suggested that they may act by similar mechanisms and that Bcl-2 may complement the requirement for E1B 19K expression during productive infection. Infection of human HeLa cells with E1B 19K loss-of-function mutant adenovirus produces apoptosis characterized by enhanced cytopathic effects (cyt phenotype) and degradation of host cell chromosomal DNA and viral DNA (deg phenotype). Failure to inhibit apoptosis results in premature host cell death, which impairs virus yield. HeLa cells express extremely low levels of p53 because of expression of human papillomavirus E6 protein. Levels of p53 were substantially increased by E1A expression during adenovirus infection. Therefore, E1A may induce apoptosis by overriding the E6-induced degradation of p53 and promoting p53 accumulation. Stable Bcl-2 overexpression in HeLa cells infected with the E1B 19K- mutant adenovirus blocked the induction of the cyt and deg phenotypes. Expression of Bcl-2 in HeLa cells also conferred resistance to apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and Fas antigen, which is also an established function of the E1B 19K protein. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of Bcl-2 family members and that of the E1B 19K protein indicated that there was limited amino acid sequence homology between the central conserved domains of E1B 19K and Bcl-2. This domain of the E1B 19K protein is important in transformation and regulation of apoptosis, as determined by mutational analysis. The limited sequence homology and functional equivalency provided further evidence that the Bcl-2 and E1B 19K proteins may possess related mechanisms of action and that the E1B 19K protein may be the adenovirus equivalent of the cellular Bcl-2 protein.
 ...
PMID:Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein with Bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. 808 92

The group C adenovirus E4orf6 protein has previously been shown to bind to the p53 cellular tumor suppressor protein and block its ability to activate transcription. Here we show that the E4orf6 protein blocks the induction of p53-mediated apoptosis when AT6 cells, which harbor a temperature-sensitive p53, are shifted to the permissive temperature. The E4orf6 protein does not, however, prevent the induction of apoptosis in p53-deficient H1299 cells by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha and cycloheximide. The E4orf6 protein also cooperates with the adenovirus E1A protein to transform primary baby rat kidney cells, and it cooperates with the adenovirus E1A plus E1B 19-kDa and E1B 55-kDa proteins to increase the number of baby rat kidney cell transformants and enhance the rate at which they arise. The level of p53 is substantially reduced in transformed cells expressing the E4orf6 protein in comparison to adenovirus transformants lacking it. The E4orf6 gene also accelerates tumor formation when transformed baby rat kidney cells are injected subcutaneously into the nude mouse, and it converts human 293 cells from nontumorigenic to tumorigenic in nude mice. In addition to the well-studied E1A and E1B oncogenes, group C adenoviruses harbor a third oncogene, E4orf6, which functions in some respects similarly to the E1B oncogene.
 ...
PMID:Oncogenic potential of the adenovirus E4orf6 protein. 887 29

The efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents may be determined by a number of different factors, including the genotype of the tumor cell. The p53 tumor suppressor gene frequently is mutated in human tumors, and this may contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance. We tested the requirement for wild-type p53 in the response of tumor cells to treatment with paclitaxel (trade name Taxol), an antineoplastic agent that stabilizes cellular microtubules. Although paclitaxel is broadly effective against human tumor xenografts in mice, including some known to carry p53 mutations, we found that p53-containing mouse tumor cells were significantly more sensitive to direct treatment with this drug than were p53-deficient tumor cells. In an attempt to reconcile this apparent discrepancy, we examined the requirement for p53 in the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine released from murine macrophages upon paclitaxel treatment. Conditioned medium from paclitaxel-treated macrophages was capable of inducing p53-independent apoptosis when applied to transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts and was inhibitable by antibodies against TNF-alpha. Furthermore, in response to direct treatment with TNF-alpha, both wild-type and p53-deficient tumor cells underwent apoptosis to similar extents and with similar kinetics. Our results suggest that the efficacy of paclitaxel in vivo may be due not only to its microtubule-stabilizing activity, but its ability to activate local release of an apoptosis-inducing cytokine.
 ...
PMID:p53-independent apoptosis induced by paclitaxel through an indirect mechanism. 927 83

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces apoptosis in human macrophages (Mphi), a significant feature in atherogenesis. We found that induction of apoptosis in Mphi by oxLDL, C2-ceramide, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was associated with enhanced expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and p53. Treatment of cells with p53 or MnSOD antisense oligonucleotides prior to stimulation with oxLDL, C2-ceramide, TNF-alpha, or H2O2 caused an inhibition of the expression of the respective protein together with a marked reduction of apoptosis. Exposure to N-acetylcysteine before treatment with oxLDL, C2-ceramide, TNF-alpha, or H2O2 reversed a decrease in cellular glutathione concentrations as well as the enhanced production of p53 and MnSOD mRNA and protein. In apoptotic macrophages of human atherosclerotic plaques, colocalization of MnSOD and p53 immunoreactivity was found. These results indicate that in oxLDL-induced apoptosis, a concomitant induction of p53 and MnSOD is critical, and suggest that it is at least in part due to an enhancement of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway.
 ...
PMID:Apoptosis caused by oxidized LDL is manganese superoxide dismutase and p53 dependent. 953 18

The products of the tumor suppressor genes are considered to function as specific inhibitors of tumor cell growth. In this communication, we present evidence to show that these proteins inhibit tumor cell proliferation by participating in the activation of tumor cell differentiation. The ML-1 human myeloblastic leukemia cells used in this study proliferate when treated with insulin-like growth factor I and transferrin but differentiate to monocytes when exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha or transforming growth factor beta1, or to macrophage-like cells when treated with both these cytokines. Initiation of proliferation but not of differentiation was followed by a 20- to 25-fold increase in the nuclear level of the DNA polymerase-associated processivity factor PCNA and of the proliferation-specific transcription factor E2F1. In contrast, induction of differentiation but not of proliferation was followed by a 25- to 30-fold increase in the nuclear level of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 (wild type), pRb, and p130/Rb2 and of the p53-dependent cyclin kinase inhibitor p21/Cip1. p53 and p21/Cip1, respectively, inhibit the expression and activation of PCNA, whereas p130 and pRb, respectively, inhibit the expression and activation of E2F1. As a result, G1-S-associated DNA and mRNA synthesis is inhibited, growth uncoupled from differentiation, and maturation enabled to proceed. Where this function of the tumor suppressor proteins is impaired, the capacity for differentiation is lost, which leads to the sustained proliferation that is characteristic of the cancer cell.
 ...
PMID:Tumor suppressor proteins as regulators of cell differentiation. 976 53

The 'high risk' human papillomaviruses are associated with the development of anogenital carcinomas and their E6 and E7 genes possess immortalizing and transforming functions in several in vitro culture systems. Recently the E6 gene has also been shown to enhance the apoptosis of human mammary epithelial cells. To determine the apoptotic activity of these oncogenes in the natural host cell, we infected genital keratinocytes with retroviruses expressing either HPV-16 E6, E7, or both the E6 and E7 (E6/7) genes. Apoptosis was quantitated under normal growth conditions or when induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha/cycloheximide or sulfur mustard. In contrast to previous findings with mammary epithelial cells, the E6 gene did not significantly augment either spontaneous or induced apoptosis. E6 also did not suppress apoptosis in normal keratinocytes (despite dramatically reducing their p53 levels), suggesting that p53-independent events mediated this effect. In contrast, E7 increased both spontaneous and induced apoptosis as well as the cellular levels of p53 and p21 protein. Interestingly, co-expression of E6 abrogated E7-facilitated apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor alpha nearly completely, but had only a minor protective effect on sulfur mustard induced apoptosis in these cells, demonstrating at least in part the p53-dependence and -independence of these two apoptotic pathways. Finally, our results indicate that the apoptosis of normal and E7-expressing keratinocytes is differentially affected by E6 expression and that E7, when unaccompanied by E6, sensitizes keratinocytes to apoptosis.
 ...
PMID:The E7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 sensitizes primary human keratinocytes to apoptosis. 977 63


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>