Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor model xenograft that expresses the targetable, membrane-bound tumor-associated antigen carbonic anhydrase type 9 (CA IX) is described. The xenograft, established from a high-grade type-2 chromophil RCC (cRCC), has been serially transplanted in immune compromised mice, in which it grows orthotopically under the renal capsule, doubling its size every 9 weeks and sending metastases to the lung and liver at approximately 20 weeks. Tumors were capable of being imaged using a micro-PET (micro-positron emission tomograph) with an 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) tracer. Subsequent xenograft generations have conserved immunohistochemical and ultrastructural properties typical for malignant renal epithelium-derived neoplasia (vimentin+, CK-19+, CA IX+ with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha constitutive expression) and have demonstrated extensive proliferation, lack of apoptosis, severe genetic alterations, and molecular expression alterations; transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), proto-oncogene (c-met), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C and D were overexpressed, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, VEGF-R3, p53, and p27 were severely down-regulated, suggesting a proangiogenic environment, local invasiveness, and facilitated lymphatic metastasis. Altogether, LABAZ1 provides a relevant and flexible model to study the biology of cRCC, the role of CA IX in RCC tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis, and a platform for testing new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:LABAZ1: A metastatic tumor model for renal cell carcinoma expressing the carbonic anhydrase type 9 tumor antigen. 1294 20

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha is the regulatory subunit of HIF-1 that is stabilized under hypoxic conditions. Under different circumstances, HIF-1 alpha may promote both tumorigenesis and apoptosis. There is conflicting data on the importance of HIF-1 alpha as a prognostic factor. This study evaluated HIF-1 alpha expression in 172 consecutive patients with stage I-IIIA non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using standard immunohistochemical techniques. The extent of HIF-1 alpha nuclear immunostaining was determined using light microscopy and the results were analyzed using the median (5%) as a low cut-point and 60% as a high positive cut-point. Using the low cut-point, positive associations were found with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; p = 0.01), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (p = 0.003), membranous (p < 0.001) and perinuclear (p = 0.004) carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX, p53 (p = 0.008), T-stage (p = 0.042), tumor necrosis (TN; p < 0.001) and squamous histology (p < 0.001). No significant association was found with Bcl-2 or either N- or overall TMN stage or prognosis. When the high positive cut-point was used, HIF-1 alpha was associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.034). In conclusion, the associations with EGFR, MMP-9, p53 and CA IX suggest that these factors may either regulate or be regulated by HIF-1 alpha. The association with TN and squamous-type histology, which is relatively more necrotic than other NSCLC types, reflects the role of hypoxia in the regulation of HIF-1 alpha. The prognostic data may reflect a change in the behavior of HIF-1 alpha in increasingly hypoxic environments.
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PMID:Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in non small cell lung cancer: relation to growth factor, protease and apoptosis pathways. 1518 41

Three canine osteosarcoma cell lines were established from spontaneous pelvic and radial osteosarcomas. The cell populations cultured exhibited characteristics of malignancy and consisted of adherent, pleomorphic, mostly large spindle-shaped or polyhedral cells, characterised by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules and vacuoles. The main ultrastructural features included the presence of abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, deposit vacuoles and small cytoplasmic protrusions. Zymography showed that the cell lines produce high levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9, enzymes directly involved in crucial aspects of the metastatic process. Consistent with their osteoblastic lineage and malignant phenotype, all cell lines were immunoreactive to vimentin, osteopontin, PCNA, p53, MMP-2 and MMP-9, while they were negative for cytokeratin, desmin, SMA, Factor VIII, NSE, GFAP, Rb and p21 protein. No retroviral particles or RNA were detected ultrastructurally or with RT-PCR, although the possibility of viral involvement in osteosarcoma cannot be excluded. The new cell lines provide excellent in vitro models that may allow further studies on the pathobiology of canine osteosarcoma to be undertaken.
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PMID:Characterisation of three novel canine osteosarcoma cell lines producing high levels of matrix metalloproteinases. 1519 3

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to play important roles in cancer progression. In this study we examined whether common genetic variants in two key MMPs are associated with phenotypic features of breast cancers and patient outcome. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP-2 (-1306 C-->T) abolishes Sp1 binding and is associated with lower transcriptional activity, while another in the promoter region of MMP-9 (-1562 C-->T) increases the transcription of this gene. MMP-2 TT homozygous patients had smaller tumors (p=0.006) and contained lower concentrations of estrogen receptor (ER; p=0.002) compared to patients with the MMP-2 CC or CT genotype. Homozygosity for the MMP-2 -1306 T allele was associated with markedly different patient survival depending upon tumor ER status. For patients with ER negative tumors, the MMP-2 TT genotype was associated with poor survival (2/8 patients alive at end of study, 25%) compared to the CC or CT genotypes (59/70, 84%; p < 0.001). For patients with ER positive tumors, the MMP-2 TT genotype was associated with a trend for very good survival (10/10, 100%) compared to the CC or CT genotypes (130/157, 83%; p=0.16). The MMP-9 -1562 T allele was associated with features of good prognosis including non-ductal type histology, positive ER status and the absence of TP53 mutation. Patients with MMP-9 -1562 CT or TT genotypes showed marginally better prognosis compared to CC homozygotes (p=0.06). These findings suggest that breast cancer phenotype and outcome can be influenced by common functional polymorphisms in MMP genes.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphisms in the MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes and breast cancer phenotype. 1560 21

It has been suggested that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin found in green tea, plays a role in preventing the progression of atherosclerosis. Although EGCG has anti-atherogenic effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), the molecular mechanisms associated with TNF-alpha-induced VSMC are not known with certainty. To determine whether EGCG has the capacity to modulate VSMC responses, cell cycle regulation and MMP-9 expression were examined in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC. Treatment with EGCG, which blocks the cell cycle in the G(1) phase, induced a down-regulation of cyclins and CDKs and an up-regulation in the expression of p21/WAF1, a CDK inhibitor, whereas the up-regulation of p27 by EGCG was not observed. Moreover, treatment with EGCG markedly increased the promoter activity of the p21/WAF1 gene. Immunoblot and deletion analysis results for the p21/WAF1 promoter showed that EGCG induced the expression of p21/WAF1 independent of the p53 pathway. Zymographic and immunoblot analyses showed that EGCG suppressed TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further experiments demonstrated that EGCG reduced the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), two important nuclear transcription factors that are involved in MMP-9 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that EGCG inhibits G(1) to S-phase cell cycle progress and MMP-9 expression through the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC.
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PMID:Epigallocatechin-3-gallate causes the p21/WAF1-mediated G(1)-phase arrest of cell cycle and inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in TNF-alpha-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. 1570 69

p53, a major sensor of DNA damage, is a transcription factor that, depending on its phosphorylation status, regulates the cell cycle, DNA repair, or apoptosis. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is also implicated in cell cycle and programmed cell death (PCD) control and has recently been shown to influence p53 function. Using three human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines SW480, EB-1, and HCT116 that either lack p53 function and were engineered to express inducible wild-type p53 (wt p53), or that constitutively express wt p53, we show that phorbol ester-mediated PKC activation potentiates p53-induced PCD. Despite the effectiveness of PKC/p53 synergy in inducing SW480 tumor cell death, however, a fraction of the cells invariably survive. To address the putative mechanisms that underlie resistance to PKC/p53-induced cell death, we generated a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/p53-resistant SW480 subline and compared the gene expression profile of resistant and parental cells by DNA microarray analysis. The results of these experiments show that PKC/p53-resistant cells express a higher level of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), including MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-12, and corresponding real-time PCR assays indicate that p53 is a negative regulator of MMP-9 gene expression. Using MMP inhibitors and MMP-specific small interfering RNA, we show that MMP function confers protection from PKC/p53-induced apoptosis and identify the protective MMPs as MMP-9 and MMP-10. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that MMPs are implicated in tumor cell resistance to the synergistic proapoptotic effect of PKC and p53.
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PMID:Matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 10 inhibit protein kinase C-potentiated, p53-mediated apoptosis. 1589 18

10 cases of ulcerative-nodular basal cell carcinoma and 10 cases of metatypical carcinoma of the skin were studied immunohistochemically for immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-9) and their endogenic tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) in combination with PCNA, p53 tumor complexes. Some differences are found in these types of tumors.
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PMID:[Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in basal cell and metatypical cancer of the skin]. 1607 5

Resveratrol (RV), a polyphenolic substance found in grape skin, was suggested to play a role in preventing the development of atherosclerotic disease. Although RV has antiatherogenic effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), the molecular mechanisms associated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced VSMC are unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of RV on the modulation of cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in TNF-alpha-induced human VSMC. RV treatment inhibited DNA synthesis in cultured VSMC in the presence of TNF-alpha. These inhibitory effects were associated with reduced levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity and G(1) cell-cycle arrest. Treatment with RV, which blocks the cell cycle in the G(1) phase, downregulated the expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and upregulated the expression of p21/WAF1, a CDK inhibitor. RV did not upregulate p27. Moreover, RV increased the promoter activity of the p21/WAF1 gene. Immunoblot and deletion analysis of the p21/WAF1 promoter showed that RV induced the expression of p21/WAF1 and that this expression was independent of the p53 pathway. Furthermore, zymographic and immunoblot analyses showed that RV dose dependently suppressed the TNF-alpha-induced expression of MMP-9. This inhibition was characterized by the downregulation of MMP-9, which was transcriptionally regulated at the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) sites in the MMP-9 promoter. Collectively, these results suggest that RV inhibits cell proliferation, G(1) to S phase cell-cycle progress, and MMP-9 expression through the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC.
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PMID:Resveratrol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. 1631 18

In the present study, we investigated the protective mechanism of quercetin (QUE) and its glycosides, rutin (RUT) and quercitrin (QUI), on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent (H(2)O(2)) and -independent (chemical anoxia) cell death in rat glioma C6 cells. Induction of HO-1 protein expression was detected in QUE- but not RUT- or QUI-treated C6 cells, and this was prevented by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Incubation of C6 cells with QUE, but not RUT or QUI, protected C6 cells from H(2)O(2)- and chemical anoxia-induced cytotoxicity according to the MTT and LDH release assays. Apoptotic characteristics including chromatin condensation, DNA ladders, and hypodiploid cells appeared in H(2)O(2)-and chemical anoxia-treated C6 cells, and those events were significantly suppressed by adding QUE (but not RUT or QUI). Increases in caspase 3, 8, and 9 enzyme activities with decreases in pro-PARP and pro-caspase 3 protein levels and an increase in cleaved D4-GDI protein were identified in H(2)O(2)-and chemical anoxia-treated C6 cells, and these were blocked by the addition of QUE, but not by RUT or QUI. Intracellular peroxide levels increased with H(2)O(2) and decreased with chemical anoxia, and the addition of QUE reduced the intracellular peroxide levels induced by H(2)O(2). Results of an anti-DPPH radical assay showed that QUE, RUT, and QUI dose-dependently inhibited the production of DPPH radicals in vitro; however, QUE (but not RUT or QUI) prevention of DNA damage induced by OH radicals was identified with a plasmid digestion assay. Increases in phosphorylated ERK and p53 protein expressions were detected in H(2)O(2)- but not chemical anoxia-treated C6 cells, and the addition of QUE significantly blocked H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylated ERK and p53 protein expressions. Adding the HO-1 inhibitors, SnPP, CoPP, and ZnPP, reversed the protective effect of QUE against H(2)O(2)- and chemical anoxia-induced cell death according to the MTT assay and morphological observations. Additionally, QUE exhibited inhibitory effects on LPS/TPA-induced transformation in accordance with a decrease in MMP-9 enzyme activity and iNOS protein expression in C6 cells. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that QUE exhibits an inhibitory effect on both ROS-dependent and -independent cell death, and induction of HO-1 protein expression is involved.
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PMID:Quercetin inhibition of ROS-dependent and -independent apoptosis in rat glioma C6 cells. 1664 78

The current chemotherapeutic treatment of glioblastoma patients has minor success. Little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the resistance of gliomas towards current therapies. This study investigated both suppressive cellular effects and regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling proteins with pro-invasive activity in surviving human glioblastoma cells under clinically relevant treatments. All cellular and molecular biological investigations were performed on the genetically well-defined and clinically relevant p53-wild type U87Mg glioma cells. Malignant glioma cells underwent either radiation or temozolomide treatments alone, or combined chemo/radio treatment. Protein expression patterns were investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by protein spot identification using tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Specific expression levels were quantified by Western-blotting. Extracellular gelatinase activities for both metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by zymogramms. Survival curves indicated no effective suppression of glioma cells under all treatment conditions tested. Morphological changes demonstrated sub-lethal effect of both temozolomide and combined treatment. Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinases (MT1-MMP) was differentially up-regulated by increasing cellular density and treatment conditions. A significantly enhanced extracellular degrading activity under all treatment conditions tested was demonstrated for MMP-2 only. Being a marker for brain tumour progression and angiogenesis, lysozyme c was highly up-regulated under the combined chemo/radio treatment. The activation of proteins with pro-invasive activity indicates an increasing malignancy grade of surviving glioma cells under treatment conditions tested correlating well with more aggressive tumour phenotypes observed clinically in recurrences of treated glioblastomas.
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PMID:Pro-invasive gene regulating effect of irradiation and combined temozolomide-radiation treatment on surviving human malignant glioma cells. 1680 66


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