Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

p53, p185erbB-2, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor are well-characterized biomarkers in invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast and in ductal carcinoma in situ. erbB-2 Protein (p185erbB-2) must be identified clearly on cytoplasmic membranes while cytoplasmic expression is ignored for breast cancers to be classified as overexpressing p185erbB-2. For p53, nuclear staining and the percent positive cells are considered, but rules for "cut-offs" are not defined. Evaluation criteria for biomarkers in prostate cancer are preliminary and the "rules" may not be the same as for breast cancer. Because the initial methods of fixation and tissue processing can change both the pattern and intensity of immunohistochemical identification of specific antigens and localization of receptors may change after the receptor-ligand interactions, we evaluated the effects of fixation both on the immunolocalization and intensity of expression of p53, p185erbB-2, and EGF receptor. We also studied the patterns of p185erbB-2 and p53 expression in a series of breast cancers evaluated concomitantly with a group of prostate cancers. Our results confirm that p53 mutations are common in breast cancer and that there is strong expression of p185erbB-2 on the membranes of a subset of breast cancers. The patterns of staining for both p53 and p185erbB-2 are different in prostate and breast cancers. A much lower proportion of prostate tumors than breast tumors have more than 10% of tumor cells with detectable nuclear p53 protein, but this proportion increases markedly in metastatic tumors or in primary stage D prostate cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Evaluation of biomarkers in breast and prostate cancer. 782 98

Prostate cancer represents one of the most important health problems in industrialized countries. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Therapeutic options are different according to the stage of the disease at the diagnosis. Patients with localized disease may be treated with surgery or radiation, whereas the treatment for patients with a metastatic disease is purely palliative. Hormonal treatment represents the standard therapy for stage IV prostate cancer, but patients ultimately become unresponsive to androgen ablation and are classified as hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients. The molecular mechanisms involved in progression in hormone resistance are characterized by mutations, down and up-regulation in the androgen receptor gene, mutations in p53 and over-expression of Bcl2 and other alterations in genes and in gene expression. The important thing is that we understand these mechanisms to define potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients. Conventional options for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer include secondary hormone therapy, radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. The commonest antineoplastic agents are mitoxantrone, estramustine and taxanes. Despite an improvement in the palliative benefit, none of these agents has demonstrated a beneficial impact on the overall survival of patients. Therefore, there is no standard therapy for these patients, thus we need new approaches which should be studied in clinical trials. The evaluation and incorporation of new agents into current treatment regimens could have a role in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer, but their efficacy has not yet been demonstrated.
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PMID:Treatment options in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. 1576 53