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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To further investigate the role of p53 gene inactivation in gastric tumorigenesis, the mutational status of the p53 gene in primary human gastric cancer samples was examined. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and subsequent direct sequencing of the p53 gene from gastric cancer samples revealed frequent point mutations of the p53 gene: some of these coincided with those previously identified in gastric cancer cell lines. In addition, both allelic deletion analysis using pYNZ 22 and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated an allelic deletion of the p53 gene in cancer tissue which contained a point mutation of the p53 gene in the remaining allele. Transfection of the wild-type or mutant p53 genes into gastric cancer cells showed that the wild-type but none of the mutated p53 genes suppressed the colony formation of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, the incorporation of thymidine into DNA was reduced in cancer cells expressing the wild-type p53 gene. The glutathione S-transferase-wild type p53 fusion protein bound to simian virus 40 large T antigen in COS-1 cell lysate. None of the p53 fusion proteins containing mutations at codons 143, 175, 248, or 273 bound to simian virus 40 large T antigen. By contrast, two different mutant p53 fusion proteins containing mutations specifically observed in gastric cancer bound to simian virus 40 large T antigen. These results indicate that inactivation of the p53 gene through mutations and the allelic deletion may play an important role in gastric tumorigenesis. These mutations may cause a conformational change in the p53 protein resulting in the loss of the suppression by p53 of the growth of gastric cells, partly through disruption of the association of p53 protein with a cellular component.
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PMID:p53 gene mutations in human gastric cancer: wild-type p53 but not mutant p53 suppresses growth of human gastric cancer cells. 132 85

Tumor suppressor protein p53 is a potent transcriptional activator and regulates cell growth negatively. To characterize the transcriptional activation domain (TAD) of p53, various point mutants were constructed in the context of Gal4 DNA binding domain and tested for their transactivation ability. Our results demonstrated that the positionally conserved hydrophobic residues shared with herpes simplex virus VP16 and other transactivators are essential for transactivation. Also, the negatively charged residues and proline residues are necessary for full activity, but not essential for the activity of p53 TAD. Deletion analyses showed that p53 TAD can be divided into two subdomains, amino acids 1-40 and 43-73. An in vitro glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay establishes a linear correlation between p53 TAD-mediated transactivation in vivo and the binding activity of p53 TAD to TATA-binding protein (TBP) in vitro. Mutations that diminish the transactivation ability of Gal4-p53 TAD also impair the binding activity to TBP severely. Our results suggest that at least TBP is a direct target for p53 TAD and that the binding strength of TAD to TBP (TFIID) is an important parameter controlling activity of p53 TAD. In addition, circular dichroism spectroscopy has shown that p53 TAD peptide lacks any regular secondary structure in solution and that there is no significant difference between the spectra of the wild type TAD and that of the transactivation deficient mutant type.
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PMID:Transactivation ability of p53 transcriptional activation domain is directly related to the binding affinity to TATA-binding protein. 755 31

Hepatocytes were isolated from rats with enzyme-altered foci (EAF) in their livers and were studied in primary cultures. Cultures were treated with two doses of 0.6 mM diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 1.5 and 24 h. At 48 h the cultures were double stained with antibodies against glutathione S-transferase P (GST-P) and p53 protein. Ten percent of the GST-P-immunonegative cells were p53-immunopositive. Thymidine incorporation was blocked in these cells. Both p53 expression and the block in thymidine incorporation could be eliminated by p53 antisense oligonucleotides. Less than 1% of the GST-P-positive cells in the same cultures were p53-immunopositive. Thymidine incorporation was less affected than in GST-P-negative cells. DNA strand breaks were also monitored by an immunological technique. Twenty-three percent of the GST-P-negative cells and 7% of the GST-P-positive cells were positive for this marker. Seven percent of the GST-P-positive cells with DNA strand breaks incorporated thymidine. Virtually none of the GST-P-negative cells with DNA strand breaks demonstrated thymidine incorporation. We suggest that GST-P-positive cells lack functional p53 protein and that this permits cells with damaged DNA to replicate.
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PMID:GST-P-positive hepatocytes isolated from rats bearing enzyme-altered foci show no signs of p53 protein induction and replicate even when their DNA contains strand breaks. 763 89

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein causes the loss of cell surface CD4 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (Tac) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD4+ T-cell lines. As both CD4 and the IL-2 receptor play crucial roles in antigen-driven helper T-cell signalling and T-cell proliferation, respectively, the role of Nef in the viral life cycle may be to perturb signalling pathways emanating from these receptors. However, the intracellular targets for Nef that result in receptor down-regulation are unknown. Using a recombinant glutathione S-transferase-full-length 27 kDa Nef (Nef27) fusion protein, produced in Escherichia coli by translation from the first start codon of HIV-1 nef clone pNL4-3, as an affinity reagent to probe cytoplasmic extracts of MT-2 cells and PBMC, we have shown interaction with at least seven host cell protein species ranging from 24 to 75 kDa. Immunoblotting identified four of these proteins as p56lck, CD4, p53, and p44mapk/erk1, all of which are intimately involved in intracellular signalling. To assess the relevance of these interactions and further define the biochemical activity of Nef in signal transduction pathways, highly purified Nef27 protein was introduced directly into PBMC by electroporation. Nef27-treated PBMC showed reduced proliferative responsiveness to exogenous recombinant IL-2. Normally, stimulation of T-cells by IL-2 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate provokes both augmentation of p56lck activity and corresponding posttranslational modification of p56lck. These changes were also inhibited by treatment of PBMC with Nef, suggesting that Nef interferes with activation of p56lck and as a consequence of signalling via the IL-2 receptor. Further evidence for Nef interfering with cell proliferation was the decreased production of the proto-oncogene c-myb, which is required for cell cycle progression, in Nef-treated MT-2 cells. In contrast to the binding characteristics and biological effects of Nef27, the alternate 25-kDa isoform of Nef (Nef25) produced by translation from the second start codon of HIV nef pNL4-3 (57 nucleotide residues downstream) was shown to interact with only three cellular proteins of approximately 26, 28, and 56 kDa from PBMC and MT-2 cells, one of which was identified as p56lck. Also, proliferation and posttranslational modification of p56lck in response to IL-2 stimulation were not profoundly affected by treatment of PBMC with Nef25 compared with Nef27.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein inhibits activation pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T-cell lines. 785 25

An oncogene product, p53, interacts with a simian virus 40-encoded T-antigen, which is an initiation protein for the viral DNA replication and also works as DNA helicase during elongation. Here we examine the interaction of p53 with cellular DNA helicase. A recombinant human wild type p53 fused with glutathione S-transferase was immobilized on glutathione-agarose as a ligand for affinity column. Hela cell extract was applied to the p53 column and the adsorbed proteins were eluted with buffers containing salt, 50% ethylene glycol, and glutathione. The ethylene glycol fraction contained a number of p53 binding proteins, and this fraction showed a DNA helicase activity measured by the displacement of DNA fragment from partially duplexed M13 DNA. The DNA helicase translocated in a 5'-to-3' direction on the single-stranded DNA using ATP as an energy source. The glutathione fraction that contained the p53 glutathione S-transferase fused protein also showed the same activity. The corresponding fractions from a control column carrying glutathione S-transferase showed only a trace amount of activity of DNA helicase. Therefore, the binding may be specific. Furthermore, an anti-p53 antibody column retained a p53-DNA helicase complex when the crude extracts of human placenta and of osteosarcoma cells were applied. These results indicate that p53 physically interacts with DNA helicase in vitro as well as in vivo.
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PMID:Anti-oncogene product p53 binds DNA helicase. 795 81

The bacterial fusion protein between glutathione S-transferase and the central conserved region of human p53(GST-p53) was purified and fixed on the beads and then used in the binding assay with radiolabeled cell extract from human hepatocarcinoma cell line, Hep3B. The binding assay disclosed the presence of cellular proteins that interact with GST-p53 but not with GST. SV40 large T antigen abrogated the bindings of two cellular proteins with molecular weights of 50 kda and 40 kda. The binding of the proteins to p53 was observed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. These two proteins are candidate cellular proteins which regulate the function of p53.
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PMID:Identification of cellular proteins that bind the central conserved region of p53. 803 53

Transformation by the human papillomavirus (HPV) early gene products, E6 and E7, involves their interaction with cellular proteins p53 and Rb. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins, we found that HPV E6 bound human p53 and that the relative efficiency of binding varied such that the GST-HPV type 16 E6 (16E6) protein bound p53 with highest affinity, followed by GST-31E6, GST-18E6, and GST-11E6. The GST-E6 fusion proteins were sufficient for binding p53 purified from a baculovirus expression system as well as in vitro translation sources, while no association was observed with GST-18E7 or a GST-16E6 mutant bearing a five-amino-acid deletion in E6. When the site-specific DNA binding activity of p53 was examined in the presence of GST-E6 proteins, an inhibition of DNA binding was observed. The degree of inhibition correlated with the relative affinity of different E6 proteins for p53; thus, GST-16E6 was the most potent inhibitor of p53 DNA binding activity, and GST-11E6 was the least effective. Prevention of p53 DNA binding is likely to play a role in the abrogation of the transcriptional activity of p53 by HPV E6 and provides a further mechanism for E6 disruption of p53 growth suppressor function in addition to its role in directing specific degradation of p53 through the ubiquitin-mediated pathway. The variation in inhibition of DNA binding seen with the various E6 proteins may thus contribute to the differences in oncogenic potential seen among the HPV types.
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PMID:Inhibition of p53 DNA binding by human papillomavirus E6 proteins. 820 1

The p53 tumor-suppressor protein has previously been shown to bind double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. We report that the p53 protein can bind single-stranded DNA ends and catalyze DNA renaturation and DNA strand transfer. Both a bacterially expressed wild-type p53 protein and a glutathione S-transferase-wild-type p53 fusion protein catalyzed renaturation of different short (25- to 76-nt) complementary single-stranded DNA fragments and promoted strand transfer between short (36-bp) duplex DNA and complementary single-stranded DNA. Mutant p53 fusion proteins carrying amino acid substitutions Glu-213, Ile-237, or Tyr-238, derived from mutant p53 genes of Burkitt lymphomas, failed to catalyze these reactions. Wild-type p53 had significantly higher binding affinity for short (36- to 76-nt) than for longer (> or = 462-nt) single-stranded DNA fragments in an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. Moreover, electron microscopy showed that p53 preferentially binds single-stranded DNA ends. Binding of DNA ends to p53 oligomers may allow alignment of complementary strands. These findings suggest that p53 may play a direct role in the repair of DNA breaks, including the joining of complementary single-stranded DNA ends.
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PMID:p53 binds single-stranded DNA ends and catalyzes DNA renaturation and strand transfer. 827 2

Several protein fusion systems have been used in recent years to study protein-protein and DNA-protein interactions. Most of them use bacterially produced proteins which have several inherent disadvantages, notably, the absence of correct post-translational modifications and the frequent insolubility of recombinant proteins. We sought to develop a system to study proteins interacting with the nuclear phosphoprotein p53, which is believed to be a tumor suppressor. To prepare fusions of p53, we developed a convenient system that permits both in vivo and in vitro production and easy affinity purification of peptides and protein fragments as glutathione-transferase fusions. We placed the coding sequence of the Schistosoma japonica glutathione S-transferase (GST) under the control of the strong CMV/T7 promoter and SV40 splice and polyadenylation signals. An extensive polylinker (MCS) at the 3' end of the GST gene is preceded by the sequence encoding the cleavage site of the site-specific protease. We cloned the complete coding sequences of human wild-type p53, as well as p53 mutants representing all four mutational hotspots (codons 141, 175, 248, and 273), into our expression vector. In vitro transcription using the upstream T7 promoter and translation in reticulocyte lysates form an easy way to produce hybrid proteins; affinity purification on a glutathione-agarose column removes proteins that are present in reticulocyte lysates. We have also studied specific in vivo interactions of human p53 with the adenoviral 55-kDa E1B protein by transfecting expression constructs of GST-p53 fusions into human Ad5-transformed 293 cells.
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PMID:Specific interaction between adenoviral 55-kDa E1B protein and in vivo produced p53 fusion proteins. 840 15

The integration of basic science perspectives into clinical head and neck oncology remains a priority. During this past year, we have witnessed initial results from many laboratories regarding p53 expression. Point mutations in the p53 gene have been identified and related to carcinogen exposure. Abnormalities in p53 have been identified in not only intra-epithelia neoplasia but also normal mucosa, suggesting an early genetic event. The ability to identify early genetic abnormalities will allow for earlier therapeutic strategies. The integration of basic science advances will likewise lead to improved prognostication and ultimately to improved staging. Prototypical of this process is DNA cytometric analysis. Reports in the past year have made use of integrated image analysis technology to measure both nuclear DNA content and nuclear volume. The incorporation of these measurements provided prognostic information beyond current staging techniques. Finally, the understanding of genetic alterations is beginning to carry with it potential therapeutic implications. Chromosome alterations at 11q13 may involve expression of several genes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST). Investigators have noted that the expression of this gene, as reflected in circulating GST blood levels, may predict chemotherapeutic responsiveness. Despite these basic science advances, population studies revealed that head and neck cancer mortality is increasing in certain segments of our society, eg, black American men. New strategies are required if improved survival from head and neck cancer is to be realized.
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PMID:Carcinogenesis, markers, staging, and prognosis of head and neck cancer. 849 9


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