Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Skin cancer constitutes one of the most frequent types of malignancies in humans with rapidly increasing incidences almost worldwide. UVR is an essential risk factor for the development of premalignant as well as malignant skin lesions. In this context UVR can function as a complete carcinogen by inducing "UV signature" DNA mutations and by suppressing protective cellular antitumoral immune responses. UV-induced DNA damage can result in impaired cutaneous cell cycle control if cell cycle regulators, such as the p53 gene, are affected. Besides interfering with cell cycle control genes, UV-induced DNA damage can result in the release of interleukin-10, a cytokine with known immunosuppressive effects on T-helper(h)-1 cells. For the development of antitumoral immune responses antigen-specific activation of effector T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APC) is required. It was demonstrated that UVR can inhibit antigen presentation both directly and indirectly via the induction of suppressive cytokines. In addition, subsets of T cells are induced upon UVR, which can actively suppress major histocompatibility complex class I/II-restricted immune responses. These UV-induced regulatory T cells appear to belong to the CD4+CD25+ T cell lineage and can express the characteristic transcription factor Foxp3, which programs for suppressor function. In mice UV-induced regulatory T cells can control the development of UV-induced skin cancer. Peripheral regulatory T cells are maintained by the expression of B7 molecules and can be expanded by APC of the skin. Recently, epidermal expression of CD254 (RANKL) has been shown to connect UVR with the expansion of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells. In the following, new molecular and cellular mechanisms of UV-induced skin tumor development will be described and discussed.
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PMID:Molecular and cellular mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis. 1817 98

Sunlight and ultraviolet-induced mutation of the p53 gene is a frequent, possibly obligate step in skin cancer development, making quantitative measurement of p53 mutation an ideal biomarker for sunlight-induced skin carcinogenesis. To understand how the appearance of p53 mutation relates to skin tumor development, SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed 5 d per week to one of four different doses of simulated solar light (SSL; 0, 6.85, 13.70, 20.55 mJ x CIE/cm(2)) previously characterized for their tumorigenic potential. Allele-specific competitive blocker-PCR (ACB-PCR) was used to measure levels of p53 codon 270 CGT to TGT mutation within DNA isolated from dorsal skin of exposed mice. For each dose, p53 mutant fraction (MF) was measured after 4, 16, and 28 wk of exposure. Significant dose- and time-dependent increases in p53 MF were identified. All p53 MF measurements were integrated by relating the observed p53 MF to the cumulative dose of SSL. The increase in the logarithm of p53 MF was described by the linear function: log(10) MF = alpha + 0.0016 x d, where alpha is the spontaneous log(10) MF after a particular time point and d is the dose of SSL in mJ x CIE/cm(2). The p53 MF induced in nontumor bearing skin by 28 wk of exposure at the high dose of SSL was significantly lower than that found in skin tumors induced by approximately 32 wk of exposure to the same dose of SSL. p53 MF showed a strong negative correlation with tumor latency, suggesting this quantitative biomarker has the potential to predict tumorigenicity.
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PMID:Simulated solar light-induced p53 mutagenesis in SKH-1 mouse skin: a dose-response assessment. 1831 77

Sarcotriol (ST) has been shown to be chemopreventive on 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted skin tumor development in CD-1 mice in recent studies from our laboratory. The objective of this study was to determine the chemopreventive effects of ST on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin tumor development in female SKH-1 hairless mice, an experimental model relevant to human skin cancer development, and its possible mechanisms of action. Female SKH-1 mice were divided into two groups: Control and ST treated. Control was topically treated with 100 microliter acetone and ST treated group administered with 30 microgram ST in 100 microliter acetone one hour before UVB exposure. For UVB-induced tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis was initiated and promoted by UVB (180 mJ/cm(2)). Group weights and tumor counts were taken once every week. After 30 weeks, mice were sacrificed and dorsal skin samples were collected. The proteins from the skin sample were further used for SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using specific antibodies against caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and p53. Tumor multiplicity was found 19.6, 5.2 in the control and ST treated groups respectively. Caspase-3, -8, -9 and p53 were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in ST treated group compared to Control group. Together, this study for the first time identifies the chemopreventive effects of ST in UVB-induced carcinogenesis possibly by inducing apoptosis and upregulating p53.
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PMID:Chemopreventive effects of sarcotriol on ultraviolet B-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice. 1846 28

Expression of the PMLRARalpha fusion dominant-negative oncogene in the epidermis of transgenic mice resulted in spontaneous skin tumors attributed to changes in both the PML and RAR pathways [Hansen et al., Cancer Res 2003; 63:5257-5265]. To determine the contribution of PML to skin tumor susceptibility, transgenic mice were generated on an FVB/N background, that overexpressed the human PML protein in epidermis and hair follicles under the control of the bovine keratin 5 promoter. PML was highly expressed in the epidermis and hair follicles of these mice and was also increased in cultured keratinocytes where it was confined to nuclear bodies. While an overt skin phenotype was not detected in young transgenic mice, expression of keratin 10 (K10) was increased in epidermis and hair follicles and cultured keratinocytes. As mice aged, they exhibited extensive alopecia that was accentuated on the C57BL/6J background. Following skin tumor induction with 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as promoter, papilloma multiplicity and size were decreased in the transgenic mice by 35%, and the conversion of papillomas to carcinomas was delayed. Cultured transgenic keratinocytes underwent premature senescence and upregulated transcripts for p16 and Rb but not p19 and p53. Together, these changes suggest that PML participates in regulating the growth and differentiation of keratinocytes that likely influence its activity as a suppressor for tumor development.
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PMID:The human promyelocytic leukemia protein is a tumor suppressor for murine skin carcinogenesis. 1905 56

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a very common malignant skin tumor that rarely metastatizes, but is often locally aggressive. Several factors, like large size (more than 3 cm), exposure to ultraviolet rays, histological variants, level of infiltration and perineural or perivascular invasion, are associated with a more aggressive clinical course. These morphological features seem to be more determinant in mideface localized BCC, which frequently show a significantly higher recurrence rate. An immunohistochemical profile, characterized by reactivity of tumor cells for p53, Ki67 and alpha-SMA has been associated with a more aggressive behaviour in large BCCs. The aim of this study was to verify if also little (<3 cm) basal cell carcinomas can express immunohistochemical markers typical for an aggressive behaviour.
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PMID:Immunoreactivity for alpha-smooth muscle actin characterizes a potentially aggressive subgroup of little basal cell carcinomas. 1968 85

The association between inflammation and tumorigenesis is well recognized. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) is known to play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes. Here, we studied the effect of MK2-deficiency and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-deficiency on skin tumor development in mice using the two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model. We found that MK2(-/-) mice developed significantly fewer skin tumors compared with both TNF-alpha(-/-) and wild-type mice when induced by initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The TPA-induced inflammatory response was reduced in both, TNF-alpha(-/-) mice and MK2(-/-) mice, but most pronounced in TNF-alpha(-/-) mice, indicating that a reduced inflammatory response was not the only explanation for the inhibited tumorigenesis seen in MK2(-/-) mice. Interestingly, increased numbers of apoptotic cells were detected in the epidermis of MK2(-/-) mice compared with TNF-alpha(-/-) and wild-type mice, suggesting an additional role of MK2 in the regulation of apoptosis. This was further supported by: (i) increased levels of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in MK2(-/-) mice after DMBA/TPA treatment compared with controls, (ii) reduced phosphorylation (activation) of the negative p53 regulator, murine double minute 2 in MK2(-)(/-) mouse keratinocytes in vitro and (iii) a significant decrease in the DMBA/TPA induced apoptosis in cultured MK2(-/-) keratinocytes transfected with p53 small interfering RNA. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a dual role of MK2 in the early stages of tumor promotion through regulation of both the inflammatory response and apoptosis of DNA-damaged cells. These results also identify MK2 as a putative target for future skin carcinoma therapy.
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PMID:MK2 regulates the early stages of skin tumor promotion. 1980 57

Apoptosis plays an important role in regulating skin development and homeostasis, as well as carcinogenesis. Apoptosis balances epidermal proliferation to maintain epidermal thickness and may eliminate mutated, premalignant cells. Skin carcinomas are the most common cancers in Western population. The risk is closely related to UV exposure and the relation between exposure to UV radiation and development of skin cancer has been well established. Apoptosis and carcinogenesis in skin can be triggered by UV irradiation, and tumor suppressor gene p53 plays the most important role in these two processes. The p53 gene is involved in the cell cycle arrest and activation of apoptosis. It has been shown that p53 could protect skin cells from DNA-damage due to UVB exposure. UV-induced DNA damage activates the mechanisms for removal of DNA damage, delay in cell cycle progression, DNA repair, or apoptosis by transcriptional activation of p-53 related genes, such as p21 and bax. Several studies have shown that UVB also induces mutations in p53 gene.The induced mutations are unique (C toT and CC to TT transition) for UVB radiation and are not commonly induced by other carcinogens. Mutations in the p53 gene have been detected in 50% of all human cancers and in the majority of skin carcinomas. A high frequency of p53 mutation was reported in pre-malignant actinic keratosis lesions that is considered to be pre-squamous cell carcinoma, and in Bowen's disease that is considered to be in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. The majority of these mutations were characteristic UVB mutations and these findings suggested that p53 mutations might be involved in the malignant conversion of precancerous lesions to SCC. Several studies have demonstrated the continued and discontinued regimens of chronic UVB treatment to ultimately result in skin tumor development with 100% incidence, although the kinetics of tumor occurrence is delayed in the latter. Thus, these studies suggest that skin cancer development can be delayed but not stopped with further avoidance of UV exposure. More recent studies have shown that besides UVB, UVA component of solar irradiation could also be an important carcinogen but in the stem cell compartment of the skin. This knowledge will lead to development of new apoptosis-based therapeutics; several have recently been tested in SCC. It can be expected that new apoptosis-based drugs are to be introduced soon to the daily medical practice; however, prevention of excessive UVB exposure remains the main curative factor against skin cancer.
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PMID:[Apoptosis, UV-radiation, precancerosis and skin tumors]. 1999 48

The cytosolic quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 protect cells against oxidative stress by detoxifying quinones and preventing redox cycling. In this study, we used double knockout (DKO) mice deficient for NQO1 and NQO2 to investigate the role of these antioxidative enzymes in a two-stage model of inflammatory skin carcinogenesis. In this model, tumors are caused by exposure to topical carcinogen dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or benzo(a)pyrene (BP) followed by twice weekly application of proinflammatory phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On this classic chemical carcinogenesis protocol, DKO mice showed a significantly higher skin tumor frequency and multiplicity compared with control wild-type or single knockout mice. Analysis of skin from wild-type and DKO mice exposed to BP for 6, 12, or 24 hours revealed a relative delay in the activation of p53, p63, p19ARF, and apoptosis in DKO mice, consistent with a negative modifier role for NQO1/NQO2 in carcinogenesis. Our findings offer genetic evidence of the significance of quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 in limiting chemical skin carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Inactivation of the quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 strongly elevates the incidence and multiplicity of chemically induced skin tumors. 3038 11

The zinc-finger-type transcriptional factor KLF4 is expressed in a variety of tissues including skin. KLF4 can function as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the type of tissue in which it is expressed, by modulating the expression of various factors. To understand the role of KLF4 in human skin cancer and also to evaluate the expression of cyclin D1, p53, and p21(Waf1/Cip1) in relation to the expression of KLF4, we evaluated the pattern of KLF4 expression during UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice and in human skin cancer. We also determined whether there are correlations between the expression of KLF4, cyclin D1, p53, and p21 and non-melanoma skin tumors. KLF4 expression was found in the basal layer of non-irradiated control murine skin. Chronic UVB irradiation caused a progressive decrease in KLF4 expression, which was substantially decreased in UVB-induced murine skin tumors. In human precancerous lesions, KLF4 expression was maintained in 64.3% of Bowen's disease samples and 90.0% of AK samples. In contrast, KLF4 expression was significantly reduced in human cancer lesions (p = 0.004). A positive correlation was found between the expression of KLF4 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) in AK, whereas there was a negative correlation between the expression of cyclin D1 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) in Bowen's disease. Thus, our results suggest that KLF4 may function as a tumor suppressor in the skin and that the deregulated expression of KLF4 in the context of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and cyclin D1 expression may be involved in skin tumorigenesis.
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PMID:The role of KLF4 in UVB-induced murine skin tumor development and its correlation with cyclin D1, p53, and p21(Waf1/Cip1) in epithelial tumors of the human skin. 2113 36

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent skin cancer. The cellular origin of SCC remains controversial. Here, we used mouse genetics to determine the epidermal cell lineages at the origin of SCC. Using mice conditionally expressing a constitutively active KRas mutant (G12D) and an inducible CRE recombinase in different epidermal lineages, we activated Ras signaling in different cellular compartments of the skin epidermis and determined from which epidermal compartments Ras activation induces squamous tumor formation. Expression of mutant KRas in hair follicle bulge stem cells (SCs) and their immediate progeny (hair germ and outer root sheath), but not in their transient amplifying matrix cells, led to benign squamous skin tumor (papilloma). Expression of KRas(G12D) in interfollicular epidermis also led to papilloma formation, demonstrating that squamous tumor initiation is not restricted to the hair follicle lineages. Whereas no malignant tumor was observed after KRas(G12D) expression alone, expression of KRas(G12D) combined with the loss of p53 induced invasive SCC. Our studies demonstrate that different epidermal lineages including bulge SC are competent to initiate papilloma formation and that multiple genetic hits in the context of oncogenic KRas are required for the development of invasive SCC.
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PMID:Identifying the cellular origin of squamous skin tumors. 2150 97


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