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Query: UNIPROT:P04637 (p53)
 77,613 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In most cases, the transcriptional factor NF-kappa B is a heterodimer consisting of two subunits, p50 and p65, which are encoded by two distinct genes of the Rel family. p50 is translated as a precursor of 105 kDa. The C-terminal domain of the precursor is rapidly degraded, forming the mature p50 subunit consisted of the N-terminal region of the molecule. The mechanism of generation of p50 is not known. It has been suggested that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the process; however, the specific enzymes involved and the mechanism of limited proteolysis, in which half of the molecule is spared, have been obscure. Palombella and colleagues (Palombella, V. J., Rando, O. J., Goldberg, A. L., and Maniatis, T. (1994) Cell 78, 773-785) have shown that ubiquitin is required for the processing in a cell-free system of a truncated, artificially constructed, 60-kDa precursor. They have also shown that proteasome inhibitors block the processing both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate reconstitution of a cell-free processing system and demonstrate directly that: (a) the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in processing of the intact p105 precursor, (b) conjugation of ubiquitin to the precursor is an essential intermediate step in the processing, (c) the recently discovered novel species of the ubiquitin-carrier protein, E2-F1, that is involved in the conjugation and degradation of p53, is also required for the limited processing of the p105 precursor, and (d) a novel, approximately 320-kDa species of ubiquitin-protein ligase, is involved in the process. This novel enzyme is distinct from E6-AP, the p53-conjugating ligase, and from E3 alpha, the "N-end rule" ligase.
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PMID:Ubiquitin-mediated processing of NF-kappa B transcriptional activator precursor p105. Reconstitution of a cell-free system and identification of the ubiquitin-carrier protein, E2, and a novel ubiquitin-protein ligase, E3, involved in conjugation. 766 88

The structure of a large fragment of the p50 subunit of the human transcription factor NF-kappa B, bound as a homodimer to DNA, reveals that the Rel-homology region has two beta-barrel domains that grip DNA in the major groove. Both domains contact the DNA backbone. The amino-terminal specificity domain contains a recognition loop that interacts with DNA bases; the carboxy-terminal dimerization domain bears the site of I-kappa B interaction. The folds of these domains are related to immunoglobulin-like modules. The amino-terminal domain also resembles the core domain of p53.
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PMID:Structure of the NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to DNA. 783 Jul 61

The tumor suppressor p53 is a potent transcriptional activator that has been shown to regulate its own expression. In earlier studies, deletion analysis and site-specific mutagenesis identified the p53-responsive element that fits the p53 consensus sequence. In addition, the p53-responsive element was predicted to be a binding site for NF-kappa B. In this study, we showed that NF-kappa B present in HeLa nuclear extracts could bind the same DNA element in a sequence-specific manner. Co-transfection experiments showed that the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B, but not the p50 subunit, could activate the p53 promoter. In HeLa cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induced NF-kappa B activity. The p53 promoter was also induced by TNF-alpha under the same conditions. Both p65 transactivation and TNF-alpha induction of the p53 promoter depended on an intact NF-kappa B site. Detailed mutational analysis of the p53 and NF-kappa B responsive elements allowed differentiation of these two responses. Thus, we show that NF-kappa B activates p53 and that this activation is inducible by TNF-alpha. Since NF-kappa B induction occurs as a response to stress and p53 arrests cells in G1/S, where repair may be initiated, activation of p53 by NF-kappa B could be a mechanism by which cells can recover from stress.
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PMID:NF-kappa B activation of p53. A potential mechanism for suppressing cell growth in response to stress. 805 Oct 93

The p53 mutant Val135 is widely considered to have a wild-type (wt) phenotype at 32.5 degrees C, but not at 37 degrees C. The ability of wt murine p53 and its Val135 mutant to modulate transcription from the muscle-specific creatine kinase promoter (-3.3 kb pMCK), from a reporter construct containing two copies of the p53-binding DNA element from within MCK (p50-2), and from the interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter (pIC225) was evaluated in transient transfection experiments in CV1 and HeLa cells. In CV1 cells, wt p53 was confirmed to activate the pMCK and p50-2 reporters, but to repress the IL-6 promoter. However, although in these cells p53 Val135 had the expected wt-like phenotype with respect to activation of the p50-2 reporter at 32.5 degrees C (32.5 degrees C > 37 degrees C), this mutant had little effect on expression from pMCK at either temperature, and activated rather than repressed the IL-6 promoter at 32.5 degrees C. In HeLa cells, although wt p53 activated p50-2 but repressed the MCK and IL-6 promoters, p53 Val135 activated all three reporters. Unexpectedly, in these cells the upregulation of p50-2 and pIC225 was basically temperature-independent, and that of pMCK was inversely ts (37 degrees C > 32.5 degrees C). The novel ts properties of p53 Val135 show that this mutant is not always wt-like at 32.5 degrees C but exhibits strong cell-type and promoter-dependent differences in its ts phenotype for transcriptional modulation.
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PMID:Cell-type- and promoter-dependent ts phenotype of p53 Val135. 824 45

The antioxidant alpha-tocopherol and the weaker antioxidant and prooxidant chemopreventative, beta-carotene have been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in vivo and in vitro. In some epidemiologic studies their serum levels were demonstrated to be inversely related to the incidence of malignant tumor. We hypothesized two basic pathways triggered by antioxidants and prooxidants, which resulted in the control of tumor cell growth. These included changes in phosphorylation and ultimately transcription. Specifically, the prooxidant beta-carotene treatment produced an oxidative stress resulting in the selective induction of heat shock proteins (hsps). These proteins and other proteins that were possibly oxidized were associated with the increased expression of cyclins (A and D) and increased cdc2 kinase expression. An increase in expression of phosphoproteins, such as p53 (tumor suppressor form) was also discerned. The level of expression for the transcription factor c-fos was reduced. Growth factors that contribute to tumor cell growth were also reduced. Increased DNA fragmentation, depression of proliferation and intracellular calcium levels, the accumulation of tumor cells in G0-->G1, and morphologic changes, were consistent with programmed cell death. Antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol bound to membrane-associated proteins could inhibit the development of peroxidation products (hydroxyl radicals (.OH)), which attack proteins and modify their function and promote their degradation. Some kinases such as, cdc2 may be increased in activity, which would explain the observed increased expression of tumor suppressor p53, the accumulation of the tumor cells in G1 of the cell cycle and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. A reduction in oxidant radicals could also reduce transcription factor products, such as c-myb. Indirectly this result may occur through changes in nuclear translocation (signaling) NF-AT or the Rel-related family of transcription factors, including NF-kB (p50 or p65) or inhibition of immunophilin-calmodulin activity. Although the data remains fragmentary there are common points for control for tumor cell growth resulting from the effects of alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene treatment. These changes involve phosphorylation and protein expression. Ultimately there is a reduction of important transcription factor protein products, a reduction in response to growth factors, and suppression of cell proliferation, resulting in increased control of the cell cycle.
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PMID:Molecular and biochemical reprogramming of oncogenesis through the activity of prooxidants and antioxidants. 851 52

The endogenous expression of p53 and p53-regulated genes has been examined in a thymidylate synthase-deficient colon carcinoma cell line (TS-) and a derived mutant clone (Thy4) that exhibit acute or delayed apoptotic responses, respectively, when released from G0 synchrony under conditions of dThd starvation. These cell clones demonstrate heterozygosity in p53, thereby expressing one wt allele and one with an A-->C point mutation at codon 240. Following release from G0, upregulated expression of both alleles occurred. During apoptosis in TS-, a wtp53 phenotype was expressed and in Thy4 during cytostasis, a mp53 phenotype was manifested, as determined from the ratios of wtp53/mp53 proteins, transactivation of p50-2 (a wtp53-responsive CAT reporter construct) and the endogenous expression of MDM2. Neither cytotoxicity nor cytostasis correlated with expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 Thy4 cells sustained accumulation of high levels of Bax in a wtp53-independent and dThd-independent manner and survival was associated with upregulated expression of Bcl-2. In contrast, Bax expression decreased in TS- during apoptosis, except in a highly resistant subpopulation that retained high levels of Bax. Data suggest that resistant cells (Thy4) can sustain high Bax expression and that Bcl-2 is upregulated in response to an apoptotic stimulus due to the absence of negative regulation by wtp53.
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PMID:Acute and delayed apoptosis induced by thymidine deprivation correlates with expression of p53 and p53-regulated genes in colon carcinoma cells. 866 31

p202, an interferon-inducible murine protein, is a member of the "200 family" of proteins and is primarily nuclear. p202 is a modulator of transcription; it binds several transcription factors, including NF-kappaB p50 and p65, AP-1 c-Fos and c-Jun, and E2F1, and inhibits their transcriptional activity. p202 also binds pRb, the retinoblastoma protein, and if overexpressed it retards cell proliferation. Here we report that using the yeast two-hybrid assay we found that p202 bound the murine homolog of the human p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), a protein shown to interact with the DNA binding domain of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. p202 bound a 98amino acid segment from 53BP1. This binding was inhibited by the replacement in p202 of a histidine (from the M(F/L)HATVA(T/S) sequence that is conserved among all of the 200 family proteins) by phenylalanine. We also report that overexpression of p202 inhibited the p53-dependent expression of reporter genes containing p53-activable segments from the mdm2 and p21 genes, whereas a decrease in the p202 level (in consequence of the expression of 202 antisense RNA) resulted in an increase in the p53-dependent expression of these reporters. Expression of the 53BP1 segment binding to p202 overcame the inhibition by overexpressed p202 of the transcription of reporters mediated by the p53 or the AP-1 transcription factors and of the proliferation of yeast.
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PMID:p202, an interferon-inducible modulator of transcription, inhibits transcriptional activation by the p53 tumor suppressor protein, and a segment from the p53-binding protein 1 that binds to p202 overcomes this inhibition. 891 Mar 40

p53 is able to recognize and bind sites of DNA damage and, in some way, damage to cellular DNA activates a p53 response leading to G1 arrest or apoptosis. We have previously shown that 'damaged DNA' induces N-terminal cleavage of p53 to generate p40(DeltaN) and p35 (core) protein products. We now show that the p35 product has protease activity and is able to cleave between residues 23 and 24 of full-length p53 to generate a novel product, p50(DeltaN23). This activity was inhibited by bestatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor. Residues 23 and 24 lie within the mdm-2 binding domain of p53 and the possibility that p50(DeltaN23) may be resistant to feedback regulation by mdm-2 is discussed. Unexpectedly, interaction with ssDNA induced two further cleavage products of p53, generated by C-terminal cleavage and designated p50(DeltaC) and p40(DeltaC). In vivo generation of a C-terminal cleavage product of endogenous p53 similar in size to p50(DeltaC) correlated with up-regulation of p21 expression in ML-1 cells exposed to either adriamycin or cisplatin. The possible significance of the various p53 cleavage products in relation to the cellular response to DNA damage is discussed.
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PMID:Induced N- and C-terminal cleavage of p53: a core fragment of p53, generated by interaction with damaged DNA, promotes cleavage of the N-terminus of full-length p53, whereas ssDNA induces C-terminal cleavage of p53. 931 58

Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in response to a variety of stimuli is governed by the signal-induced proteolytic degradation of NF-kappaB inhibitor proteins, the IkappaBs. We have investigated the sequence requirements for signal-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and proteolysis by generating chimeric proteins containing discrete sub-regions of IkappaBalpha fused to the IkappaBalpha homologue Bcl-3, the transcription factor NF-kappaB1/p50 and the tumour suppressor protein p53. Using this approach we show that the N-terminal signal response domain (SRD) of IkappaBalpha directs their signal-dependent phosphorylation and degradation when transferred to heterologous proteins. The C-terminal PEST sequence from IkappaBalpha was not essential for induced proteolysis of the chimeric proteins. A deletion analysis conducted on the SRD identified a 25 amino acid sub-domain of IkappaBalpha that is necessary and sufficient for the degradative response in vivo and for recognition by TNFalpha-dependent IkappaBalpha kinase in vitro . The results obtained should prove instrumental in the further characterization of IkappaB-specific kinases, as well as the E2 and E3 enzymes responsible for IkappaBalpha ubiquitination. Furthermore, they suggest a novel strategy for generating conditional mutants, by targetting heterologous proteins for transient elimination by the IkappaBalpha pathway.
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PMID:Signal-dependent degradation of IkappaBalpha is mediated by an inducible destruction box that can be transferred to NF-kappaB, bcl-3 or p53. 951 45

Drug-induced cytotoxicity or apoptosis may be influenced by the expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and by the specific oncogene expressed, which may dictate the threshold at which a cytotoxic response may by induced. The objective of the study was to elucidate how DNA-damaging agents with different mechanisms of action were sensitized in the context of expression of the Pax3/FKHR fusion protein, a transformation event unique to alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMSs), and wild-type p53 (wtp53). A wtp53 cDNA was subcloned into the pGRE5-2/EBV vector with dexamethasone-inducible overexpression and transfected into Rh30 ARMS cells that express Pax3/FKHR and a mutant p53 phenotype. Following dexamethasone induction of wtp53 overexpression in a derived clone (Cl.#27), growth was slowed, and cells accumulated in G1. Functional wtp53 activity was demonstrated by selective transactivation of p50-2, a wtp53 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct, and by up-regulated expression of endogenous p21Waf1. Data demonstrated p53-dependent sensitization (> or = 4-fold) to bleomycin, actinomycin D, and 5-fluorouracil and considerably less p53-dependence (< or = 2-fold) for doxorubicin, topotecan, etoposide, and cisplatin in Cl.#27 compared to an equivalent clone containing the pGRE5-EBV vector alone (VC#3). Data demonstrate that ARMS cells show a selective sensitization to DNA-damaging agents when wtp53 is overexpressed. The cytotoxic activity of agents that are not potentiated substantially must, therefore, depend upon p53-independent factors that relate to the mechanism of drug action.
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PMID:Selective sensitization to DNA-damaging agents in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line with inducible wild-type p53 overexpression. 951 63


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