Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04626 (erbB-2)
 5,251 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The naphthodianthrone hypericin produces a potent and irreversible inhibition of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase activity. The inhibition was time and temperature dependent but did not depend on EGF activation. The IC50 values obtained were 0.37-8.7 microM with membranes incubated for 30 min at 30 degrees or 10 min at 0 degree, respectively. Kinetic analyses with poly(Glu,Ala,Tyr) 6:3:1 [poly(GAT)] as an exogenous substrate were in agreement with the irreversible nature of the inhibition. Irradiation for 30 min with fluorescent light caused a dramatic photosensitizing effect and resulted in an IC50 value of 44 nM. This effect was due to a type I mechanism, since the exclusion of oxygen did not alter the inhibition curve. The inhibition was inversely proportional to the amounts of membranes used, which probably reflects the non-specific sequestration of hypericin into the lipid bilayer. Ser/Thr protein kinases such as protein kinase A, casein kinase 1 and 2 and the enzyme 5'-nucleotidase, were not inhibited by hypericin not even at high concentrations (> 100 microM).
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PMID:Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity by hypericin. 826 42

Human amphiregulin (AR) is a polypeptide growth regulator which acts by binding to and activating the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. AR consists of an EGF-like domain and an NH2-terminal extension which contains potential glycosylation sites and nuclear localization signals. Two high molecular weight species which had molecular masses of approximately 16.5 kDa (HMW-AR1 and HMW-AR2) and a approximately 9.5-kDa low molecular weight form (LMW-AR) were isolated from the conditioned medium of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells by sequential heparin affinity, immunoaffinity, and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. HMW-AR1 and HMW-AR2 were found to possess complex or hybrid type N-linked oligosaccharide structures that contained sialic acid. Additionally, HMW-AR1 and HMW-AR2 contained the disaccharide, Gal beta(1-->3)GalNAc, linked to Ser/Thr residues. No carbohydrate moieties were detected in LMW-AR. Mapping of the peptide cores of these molecules using antipeptide antibodies revealed that HMW-AR1 and HMW-AR2 were intact molecules, whereas LMW-AR contained the EGF-like domain, but possessed a truncated NH2-terminal extension. LMW-AR, HMW-AR1, and HMW-AR2 were all found to be potent stimulators of DNA synthesis in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells. These results suggest that the NH2-terminal region of the AR molecule is not critical to the ability of AR to activate the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase.
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PMID:Characterization of high and low molecular weight forms of amphiregulin that differ in glycosylation and peptide core length. Evidence that the NH2-terminal region is not critical for bioactivity. 836 Jan 73

The mechanism(s) by which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor regulate receptor function have been investigated with NIH3T3/HER14 fibroblasts expressing human EGF receptors. Bivalent 225 mAb or monovalent 225 Fab' inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha-induced EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Culture of HER14 cells with 225 mAb or 225 Fab' did not activate EGF receptor tyrosine kinase when assayed after lysis of cells in SDS sample buffer. However, when cells were cultured with bivalent 225 mAb, but not with monovalent 225 Fab', and were subsequently lysed and further incubated in Triton X-100 lysis buffer containing proteinase and phosphatase inhibitors, receptor phosphorylation was observed. Phosphorylation was confined to tyrosine residues and was inhibited by addition of genistein after lysis, indicating that it was due to the activation of protein tyrosine kinase. The activity of bivalent 225 mAb was unphysiologic, in contrast with TGF-alpha, in that receptor kinase activation occurred only after cell lysis and with delayed kinetics; serine and threonine phosphorylation did not occur; and down-regulation of EGF receptors was slower. Selective mAb-mediated phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on EGF receptors was sufficient to activate phosphorylation of a SH2 group-bearing substrate, phospholipase C-gamma, indicating that serine/threonine phosphorylation is not required for EGF receptor kinase activity. These studies provide novel insights into the capacity of bivalent mAb to modulate EGF receptor function.
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PMID:Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor in NIH3T3/HER14 cells by antireceptor monoclonal antibodies. 840 44

The RET proto-oncogene encodes a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is caused by the mutation of a conserved methionine to a threonine in the catalytic domain of the RET kinase. When the MEN 2B point mutation was introduced into the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (M857T EGFR), the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the mutant receptor was similar to that of wild-type EGF receptor and remained ligand-dependent. However, the mutant receptor showed an enhanced transforming capacity compared to the wild-type receptor as judged by its ability to mediate the growth of NIH 3T3 cells in soft agar. Using the oriented peptide library approach to examine substrate specificity, the M857T mutation was found to be associated with a decrease in the selectivity of the receptor for Phe and an increase in the selectivity for acidic residues at the P + 1 position as compared to wild-type EGF receptor. Short-term responses to EGF were similar in cells expressing wild-type and M857T EGF receptors. However, significant differences in receptor down-regulation were observed between the two receptors. These data demonstrate that the MEN 2B point mutation alters the substrate specificity of receptor tyrosine kinases and suggest that the enhanced oncogenesis associated with the MEN 2B mutation may be due in part to alterations in receptor regulation.
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PMID:The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B point mutation alters long-term regulation and enhances the transforming capacity of the epidermal growth factor receptor. 862 56

The ATDC gene was originally identified by its ability to complement the radiosensitivity defect of an ataxia telangiectasia (AT) fibroblast cell line. Because hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation is an important feature of the AT phenotype, we reasoned that ATDC may function generally in the suppression of radiosensitivity. Previous work in our laboratory focused on radiosensitization mechanisms in human squamous carcinoma (SC) cells, especially A431 cells. To establish a basis for investigating the role of ATDC in radiation-responsive signaling pathways in human SC cells, we characterized ATDC message and protein expressions in A431 cells. ATDC message expression was also compared among human epidermoid cells (A431 cells, HaCaT spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes and normal human epidermal keratinocytes) and a normal human fibroblast cell line (LM217). We made the following major observations: (i) the relative abundance of ATDC message is substantially higher in the epidermoid cells than in the fibroblast cell line, which has a message level comparable to those reported for other fibroblast lines; (ii) ATDC is constitutively phosphorylated on serine/threonine in A431 cells; (iii) in A431 cells, ATDC is a substrate for the serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) but not the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase; and (iv) EGF decreases ATDC message and protein expressions in A431 cells after a 24-hr exposure. The phosphorylation studies suggest that the ability of ATDC to modulate cellular radiosensitivity may be mediated in part through a PKC signaling pathway.
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PMID:Expression of the ATDC (ataxia telangiectasia group D-complementing) gene in A431 human squamous carcinoma cells. 864 48

We report the use of structure-based drug design to create a selective erbB-1 (a.k.a. epidermal growth factor receptor) and erbB-2 (a.k.a. neu/her2 growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Using the X-ray crystal structure of the ternary complex of the cAMP-dependent Ser/Thr kinase together with a sequence alignment of the catalytic domains of a representative set of Ser/Thr and Tyr protein kinases, we have examined the nucleotide binding site for potential positions to attach an irreversible inhibitor. This information, combined with homology modeling of the erbB-1 and erbB-2 tyrosine kinase catalytic domains, has led to the identification of Cys797 of erbB1 and Cys805 of erbB2, which are structurally equivalent to Glu127 in the cAMP dependant Ser/Thr kinase as potential target residues. The X-ray structure of the cAMP Ser/Thr kinase shows Glu127 to be involved in a hydrogen-bonding interaction with the 2'-OH of the ribose portion of ATP. Using molecular modeling, it was predicted that the Cys side chains in erbB-1 and erbB-2 performed an analogous role, and it was postulated that the replacement of the 2'-OH of adenosine with a thiol might allow for a covalent bond to form. Since only erbB-1 and erbB-2 have a Cys at this position, the inhibitor should be selective. This model was subsequently tested experimentally by chemical synthesis of 2'-thioadenosine and assayed against the full length erbB-1 receptor and the catalytic domains of erbB-2, insulin receptor, beta-PDGF receptor, and the FGF receptor. Our results show that thioadenosine covalently inactivates erbB-1 with a second-order rate constant of k(max)/K(S) = 2000 +/- 500 M(-1) s(-1). Inactivation is fully reversed by 1 mM dithiothreitol, suggesting that inactivation involves the modification of a cysteine residue at the active site, presumably Cys797. The rate of inactivation saturates with increasing thioadenosine concentrations, suggesting that inactivation occurs through initial formation of a noncovalent complex with K(D) = 1.0 +/- 0.3 microM, followed by the slow formation of a disulfide bond with a rate constant of k(max) = (2.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s(-1). This approach may have application in the design of selective irreversible inhibitors against other members of the kinase family.
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PMID:Structure-based design of a potent, selective, and irreversible inhibitor of the catalytic domain of the erbB receptor subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases. 908 34

We have synthesized a tris-sulfotyrosyl dodecapeptide (3S-peptide-I) that corresponds to the major autophosphorylation domain within the insulin receptor beta-subunit and showed that it potently inhibited insulin receptor dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) in vitro. 3S-peptide-I also inhibited tyrosine dephosphorylation of a synthetic peptide by the recombinant PTPase PTP-1B, indicating that 3S-peptide-I interacts directly with PTPase, causing its inactivation. The peptide had no effect on the activity of serine/threonine phosphatases, PP-1 and PP-2A, or alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, we found that the introduction of a N-stearyl derivative of 3S-peptide-I in CHO/HIRc cells caused a significant increase in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. In contrast, ligand-stimulated phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in CHO cells overexpressing EGF receptors was not affected by the presence of N-stearyl-3S-peptide-I. These data suggest that by inhibiting dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor in intact cells, 3S-peptide-I may specifically enhance insulin signalling.
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PMID:Specific inhibition of insulin receptor dephosphorylation by a synthetic dodecapeptide containing sulfotyrosyl residues as phosphotyrosyl mimetic. 934 28

Eukaryotic cells respond to ionizing radiation with cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair mechanisms, and lethality. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that constitute these responses. Here we report that ionizing radiation enhances epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells as well as in isolated membranes of A431 cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that ionizing radiation preferentially enhances tyrosine phosphorylation, while EGF enhances the phosphorylation of all three phosphoamino acids (serine, threonine and tyrosine) of the EGF receptor. In addition, radiation reduces the turnover rate of the EGF receptor, while EGF increases the rate of the receptor turnover and down-regulation. Moreover, the confined radiation-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues is inhibited by genistein, indicating that this phosphorylation of EGF receptor is due to protein tyrosine kinase activation. These studies provide novel insights into the capacity of radiation to modulate EGF receptor phosphorylation and function. The radiation-induced elevation in the EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and the receptor's slower rate of turnover are discussed in terms of their possible role in cell growth and apoptosis modulation.
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PMID:EGF receptor phosphorylation is affected by ionizing radiation. 936 60

The 9E3/CEF4 gene codes for a chemokine that is highly homologous to human interleukin-8 and melanoma growth-stimulating activity/groalpha. These chemokines belong to a family of molecular mediators that are importantly involved in inflammation, wound healing, tumor development, and viral entry into cells. On the chorioallantoic membrane the 9E3 protein is chemotactic for monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes and is angiogenic. In cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts, which have many of the properties of wound fibroblasts, the gene is stimulated by a variety of agents including oncogenes, growth factors, phorbol esters, and thrombin. The strong stimulation of 9E3 by thrombin in culture correlates well with the observation that in young chicks this gene is stimulated to very high levels in fibroblasts upon wounding and remains high throughout wound repair. Activation of 9E3 by thrombin: (i) occurs very rapidly, one minute exposure to thrombin is sufficient to initiate the signals necessary for gene activation; (ii) is independent of mitogenesis; (iii) operates through the proteolytically activated receptor for thrombin; (iv) is mediated by tyrosine kinases, including c-src and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, rather than Ser/Thr kinases such as protein kinase C and protein kinase A. Inhibition of either c-src or the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits the stimulation of 9E3 by thrombin. We show here for the first time that activation of the EGF receptor through a cell-surface receptor that does not have tyrosine kinase activity can lead to expression of an immediate early response gene which encodes for a secreted protein, a chemokine. This rapidly activated tyrosine kinase pathway may be a general stress response by which in vivo a localized cell population reacts to emergency situations such as viral infection, wounding, or tumor growth.
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PMID:Thrombin aivation of the 9E3/CEF4 chemokine involves tyrosine kinases including c-src and the epidermal growth factor receptor. 947 78

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor purified by calmodulin-affinity chromatography from solubilized rat liver plasma membranes phosphorylates connexin32 in gap junction plaques isolated from the same origin. Phosphorylation of connexin32 was stimulated by EGF and mainly occurs at tyrosine residue(s), although phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues was also detected. The kinetics parameters for the phosphorylation of connexin32 parallel those for the transphosphorylation of the EGF receptor. m-Calpain proteolyzes phosphoconnexin32, and its major 26 kDa proteolytic fragment only contains phosphotyrosine residue(s). Calmodulin binds to connexin32 in the absence of calcium and prevents in great extent its phosphorylation by the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase.
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PMID:The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylates connexin32. 978 58


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