Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04179 (MnSOD)
 2,777 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were randomly assigned to sham operation (n=6) or 5/6 nephrectomy (n=12) procedures. Two weeks after the completion of the 5/6 nephrectomy, these animals were again randomly assigned to two groups: non-treatment or treatment with vitamin E supplementation at 200 IU/kg chow. Two weeks later, all animals were sacrificed and the kidneys harvested. The secretory phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity was elevated (150%) in the untreated remnant kidney but returned to sham values in the vitamin E-treated kidneys. The cytoprotective heat shock protein (HSP70) and the intracellular antioxidant superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD) were similar in sham, remnant, and vitamin E-treated remnant kidneys. We conclude that the sudden reduction of renal mass secondary to the 5/6 nephrectomy procedure stimulates PLA(2) activity but not HSP70, MnSOD, or Cu/ZnSOD. This increased activity of PLA(2) in the remnant kidney returned to sham values after vitamin E treatment. The intrinsic cellular antioxidant enzymes, MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, as well as the cytoprotective heat shock protein HSP70, showed no significant changes in either vitamin E-treated or untreated kidneys compared with sham. These data are suggestive that the elevation of PLA(2) is a specific and localized response to the sudden reduction of renal mass.
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PMID:Phospholipase A(2) activity, heat shock protein, and superoxide dismutase in rat remnant kidney. 1068 62

The effect of exercise on apoptosis in postmitotic tissues is not known. In this study, we investigated the effect of regular moderate physical activity (i.e., exercise training) on the extent of apoptosis in rat skeletal and cardiac muscles. Adult Sprague Dawley rats were trained (TR) 5 days weekly for 8 wk on treadmill. Sedentary rats served as controls (CON). An ELISA was used to detect mono- and oligonucleosome fragmentation as an indicator of apoptosis. Bcl-2, Bax, Apaf-1, AIF, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved/active caspase-9, heat shock protein (HSP)70, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Mn-SOD protein levels were determined by Western analyses. Bcl-2 and Bax transcript contents were estimated by RT-PCR. A spectrofluorometric assay was used to determine caspase-3 activity. DNA fragmentation in ventricles of the TR group decreased by 15% whereas that in soleus of the TR group tended to decrease (P=0.058) when compared with CON group. Protein contents of Bcl-2, HSP70, and Mn-SOD increased in both soleus and ventricle muscles of TR animals when compared with CON animals. Apaf-1 protein content in the soleus of TR animals was lower than that of CON animals. Bcl-2 mRNA levels increased in both ventricle and soleus muscles of TR animals, and Bax mRNA levels decreased in the soleus of TR animals when compared with CON animals. Furthermore, HSP70 protein content was negatively correlated to Bax mRNA content and was positively correlated to Bcl-2 protein and mRNA contents. Mn-SOD protein content was negatively correlated to the apoptotic index, and caspase-3 activity and was positively correlated to Bcl-2 transcript content and HSP70 protein content. These data suggest that exercise training attenuates the extent of apoptosis in cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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PMID:Apoptotic adaptations from exercise training in skeletal and cardiac muscles. 1513 82

This study identifies stress proteins and antioxidant enzymes that may play a role in the survival strategies of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Heat shock protein 60 (Hsp 60), mitochondrial small heat shock protein (mitosHsp), chloroplastic small heat shock protein (chlsHsp), Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Fe SOD were first identified by Western blotting. The induction of these proteins in laboratory cultures in response to elevated temperatures, hydrogen peroxide, lead, or elevated light intensities was next assessed. In parallel, F(V)/F(M), a measurement of photosynthetic efficiency and common proxy of cellular stress, was determined. Hsp 60, Fe SOD, and Mn SOD were induced following exposure to elevated temperatures, hydrogen peroxide, or lead. MitosHsp responded only to heat, whereas chlsHsp responded only to H(2)O(2)-induced stress. The expression of stress proteins and antioxidant enzymes appears to be a more sensitive indicator of heat or chemically induced stresses than F(V)/F(M). However, F(V)/F(M) decreased significantly in response to elevated light intensities that did not induce the expression of stress proteins. These results identify for the first time stress proteins and antioxidant enzymes in K. brevis, provide evidence for differential sensitivity of cellular organelles to various sources of stress, and confirm the presence of conserved stress responses observed across phyla in a dinoflagellate.
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PMID:Differential responses of stress proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and photosynthetic efficiency to physiological stresses in the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. 1553 57

This study examined the role of heating on oxidative stress and muscle mass in immobilized limbs. Rats were divided into three groups (n = 9/group): a control group (Con), an immobilized group (Im), and an immobilized and heated group (ImH). Rats were immobilized in the plantarflexed position for 8 days. The core temperature of the ImH group was elevated to 41-41.5 degrees C on alternating days and maintained for 30 min before cooling. On day 8, both heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) and HSP72 were markedly elevated in the ImH compared with the Im group, whereas results in the Im group were not different from Con. Most notably, the ImH group had significantly larger solei compared with the Im group, which were less than those shown in the Con group. Furthermore, immobilization alone caused a significant increase in oxidative damage, and the addition of heating to immobilization significantly reduced oxidative damage. In an effort to further identify the cause of this protective effect, antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. CuZnSOD was sharply elevated in Im compared (P < 0.025) with that in the Con and reduced in the ImH group compared with that in the Im group (P < 0.025). Catalase was elevated 8% (P < 0.025) in the Im group compared with the Con group and was similar to the ImH group. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and MnSOD did not differ between groups. These data indicate that heating provides protection against oxidative stress and preserves muscle mass during disuse atrophy. These data also suggest that antioxidant protection is not conferred via antioxidant enzymes, and HSPs may play an important role.
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PMID:Heat treatment reduces oxidative stress and protects muscle mass during immobilization. 1576 Nov 86

The analysis of differences in gene expression, responding to cryopreservation may explain some of the observed differences in further development of the preimplantation stage embryos. The aim of this study was to create a link, for the first time, between morphological/developmental observations and gene activity changes following cryopreservation of embryos. Efficiency of two vitrification methods, solid surface and in-straw vitrifications for pronuclear-stage mouse zygotes and 8-cell stage mouse embryos was compared based on morphological survival, blastocyst formation, and changes in embryonic gene expression. Both stages of embryos were vitrified by SSV using 35% ethylene glycol (EG) for vitrification solution (VS) and in-straw vitrification using 40% EG for VS. No significant differences were found between immediate survival rates of embryos vitrified by SSV and in-straw vitrification in both stages. Blastocyst rates were significantly higher with SSV and not significantly different from that of control. These results showed that SSV was more efficient than in-straw vitrification. Treatment with cytochalasin-b did not improve cryosurvival during SSV. The quantification of selected gene transcripts from single embryo (6 embryos/treatment group) were carried out by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. It was performed by adding 1/8 of each embryo cDNA to the PCR mix containing the specific primers to amplify housekeeping gene (beta-actin), heat shock protein gene (Hsp70), genes related to oxidative stress (MnSOD and CuSOD), cold stress (CirpB, Rbm3), and cell-cycle arrest (Trp53). We found upregulation of all six stress-related genes at 3 hr post-warming in pronuclear stage embryos. Expression of these genes showed much higher level (2-33-fold) in in-straw vitrification than in in vitro control embryos. In SSV-treated embryos we could detect only slight changes (0.3-2-fold). At 10 hr post-warming, all genes were downregulated in embryos vitrified by in-straw method. In SSV-treated group expression of Hsp70 showed slight increase and Trp53 showed decrease. In contrast to pronuclear stage, there was no clear pattern of gene expression changes after vitrification in 8-cell stage embryos. Several genes were upregulated both at 3 and 10 hr post-warming. Moreover, we found upregulation of beta-actin gene which we expected to use as a reference gene in in-straw treated embryos in both 3 and 10 hr post-warming, while in pronuclear stage embryos and in SSV treatment there was no effect on beta-actin expression level. There was no difference in gene expression between blastocysts developed from fresh or vitrified embryos. In conclusion, the real-time RT-PCR method from single embryo opened new opportunities for the understranding of molecular events following cryopreservation. The upregulation of stress-related genes at 3 hr post-warming in pronuclear stage embryos might have been an early indicator of reduced viability following in-straw vitrification in good correlation with the developmental data to blastocyst stage.
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PMID:Gene expression profiles and in vitro development following vitrification of pronuclear and 8-cell stage mouse embryos. 1654 60

The exercise-induced expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in rodent models is relatively well defined. In contrast, comparable data from human studies are limited and the exercise-induced stress response of human skeletal muscle is far from understood. This study has characterized the time course and magnitude of the HSP response in the skeletal muscles of a healthy active, but untrained, young male population following a running exercise protocol. Eight subjects performed 45 min of treadmill running at a speed corresponding to their lactate threshold (11.7 +/- 0.5 km/h; 69.8 +/- 4.8% maximum O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle immediately before and at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days postexercise. Exercise induced a significant (P < 0.05) but variable increase in HSP70, heat shock cognate (HSC) 70, and HSP60 expression with peak increases (typically occurring at 48 h postexercise) to 210, 170, and 139% of preexercise levels, respectively. In contrast, exercise did not induce a significant increase in either HSP27, alphaB-crystallin, SOD 2 (MnSOD) protein content, or the activity of SOD and catalase. When examining baseline protein levels, HSC70, HSP27, and alphaB-crystallin appeared consistently expressed between subjects, whereas HSP70 and MnSOD displayed marked individual variation of up to 3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. These data are the first to define the time course and extent of HSP production in human skeletal muscle following a moderately demanding and nondamaging running exercise protocol. Data demonstrate a differential effect of aerobic exercise on specific HSPs.
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PMID:Time course and differential responses of the major heat shock protein families in human skeletal muscle following acute nondamaging treadmill exercise. 1656 53

We have previously reported on the formation of 6-nitrotryptophan by the reaction of reactive nitrogen species with a tryptophan residue in human Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) (F. Yamakura et al., J. Biochem. 138 (2005) 57-69). Here, we report on the preparation of anti-6-nitrotryptophan antiserum by using synthesized 6-nitrotryptophan-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin as an antigen and the purification of the antibody by using a 6-nitrotryptophan-conjugated affinity column. The purified antibody was immunoreactive with 6-nitrotryptophan residue containing Cu, Zn-SOD but not immunoreactive with Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, bovine serum albumin, and 3-nitrotyrosine residue containing Mn-SOD. Nitro group of 6-nitrotryptophan was reduced by sodium hydrosulfite to form 6-aminotryptophan as a major product. The reduced 6-nitrotryptophan residues lost its immunoreactivity with the antibody. We detected different immunoreactive bands between using antibody for 6-nitrotryptophan residues and that for 3-nitrotyrosine residues in crude extracts of neuron-like PC12 cells treated with peroxynitrite by a Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed nine intensively stained immunoreactive spots for 6-nitrotryptophan residues in the peroxynitrite-treated PC12 cells, which were subjected to trypsin digestion and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. We identified M2 pyruvate kinase, elongation factor 2, mitochondrial aconitase, pyruvate carboxylase, and heat shock protein HSP90alpha as candidates for 6-nitrotryptophan residues containing proteins, with peptide coverage over 10%, in crude extracts of peroxynitrite-treated PC12 cells.
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PMID:Detection of 6-nitrotryptophan in proteins by Western blot analysis and its application for peroxynitrite-treated PC12 cells. 1676 71

Intense ultraviolet radiation, coupled with frequent bouts of freezing-thawing and anoxia, have the potential to generate high levels of oxidative stress in Antarctic organisms. In this study, we examined mechanisms used by the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, to counter oxidative stress. We cloned genes encoding two key antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat), and showed that SOD mRNA was expressed continuously and at very high levels in larvae, but not in adults, while Cat mRNA was expressed in both larvae and adults but at a somewhat reduced level. SOD mRNA was expressed at even higher levels in larvae that were exposed to direct sunlight. Catalase, a small heat shock protein, Hsp70 and Hsp90 mRNAs were also strongly upregulated in response to sunlight. Total antioxidant capacity of the adults was higher than that of the larvae, but levels in both stages of the midge were much higher than observed in a freeze-tolerant, temperate zone insect, the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis. Assays to measure oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation TBARS and carbonyl proteins) demonstrated that the Antarctic midge is highly resistant to oxidative stress.
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PMID:High resistance to oxidative damage in the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica, and developmentally linked expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutase, catalase and heat shock proteins. 1862 3

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in both women and men in most industrialized countries, and has for some time also established a prominent role in developing nations. In fact, obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension are now commonplace even in children and youths. Regular exercise is rapidly gaining widespread advocacy as a preventative measure in schools, medical circles and in the popular media. There is overwhelming evidence garnered from a number of sources, including epidemiological, prospective cohort and intervention studies, suggesting that CVD is largely a disease associated with physical inactivity. A rapidly advancing body of human and animal data confirms an important beneficial role for exercise in the prevention and treatment of CVD. In Part 1 of this review we discuss the impact of exercise on CVD, and we highlight the effects of exercise on (i) endothelial function by regulation of endothelial genes mediating oxidative metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, cellular growth and proliferation, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, down-regulation of p67phox, changes in intracellular calcium level, increased vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), expression and eNOS Ser-1177 phosphorylation; (ii) vascular smooth muscle function by either an increased affinity of the Ca2+ extrusion mechanism or an augmented Ca2+ buffering system by the superficial sarcoplasmic reticulum to increase Ca2+ sequestration, increase in K+ channel activity and/or expression, and increase in L-type Ca2+ current density; (iii) antioxidant systems by elevation of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase, increases in glutathione peroxidase activity and activation of vascular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [(NAD(P)H] oxidase and p22phox expression; (iv) heat shock protein (HSP) expression by stimulating HSP70 expression in myocardium, skeletal muscle and even in human leucocytes, probably through heat shock transcription factor 1 activity; (v) inflammation by reducing serum inflammatory cytokines such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and by regulating Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. Exercise also alters vascular remodelling, which involves two forms of vessel growth including angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new capillary networks. Arteriogenesis refers to the growth of pre-existent collateral arterioles leading to formation of large conductance arteries that are well capable to compensate for the loss of function of occluded arteries. Another aim of this review is to focus on exercise-related cardiovascular protection against CVD and associated risk factors such as aging, coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial diseases mediated by vascular remodelling. Lastly, this review examines the benefits of exercise in mitigating pre-eclampsia during pregnancy by mechanisms that include improved blood flow, reduced blood pressure, enhanced placental growth and vascularity, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduced oxidative stress and restored vascular endothelial dysfunction.
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PMID:Exercise, vascular wall and cardiovascular diseases: an update (Part 1). 1902 18

Monascin is a major yellow compound from red mold dioscorea. We investigated monascin to test whether this compound acts as an antidiabetic and antioxidative stress agent in diabetic rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. The mechanisms by which monascin exerts its action in vivo were also examined. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were given monascin at 30 mg/kg/day and sacrificed after 8 weeks. Blood glucose and serum insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein and antioxidative enzymes in the pancreas of rats were measured. In addition, monascin was evaluated for stress resistance and potential associated mechanisms in C. elegans. Throughout the 8-week experimental period, significantly lowered blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol and higher high-density lipoprotein levels were observed in monascin-treated rats. Monascin-treated rats showed higher serum insulin level, lower reactive oxygen species production, and higher activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the pancreas compared to diabetic control rats. In addition, monascin significantly induced the hepatic mRNA levels of FOXO3a, FOXO1, MnSOD, and catalase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Monascin-treated C. elegans showed an increased survival rate during oxidative stress and heat stress treatments compared to untreated controls. Moreover, monascin extended the life span under high-glucose conditions and enhanced expression of small heat shock protein (sHSP-16.2), superoxide dismutase (SOD-3), and glutathione S-transferase (GST-4) in C. elegans. Finally, we showed that monascin affected the subcellular distribution of the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, whereas it was unable to enhance oxidative stress resistance in the daf-16 deletion mutant in C. elegans. Mechanistic studies in rats and C. elegans suggest that the protective effects of monascin are mediated via regulation of the FOXO/DAF-16-dependent insulin signaling pathway by inducing the expression of stress response/antioxidant genes, thereby enhancing oxidative stress resistance.
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PMID:Monascin from red mold dioscorea as a novel antidiabetic and antioxidative stress agent in rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. 2204 55


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