Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04179 (MnSOD)
 2,777 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A variety of degenerative diseases have now been shown to be caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mitochondria generate most of the cellular energy by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and produce most of the toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a by-product. Genetic defects that inhibit OXPHOS also cause the redirection of OXPHOS electrons into ROS production, thus increasing oxidative stress. A decline in mitochondrial energy production and an increase in oxidative stress can impinge on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) to initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis). The interaction of these three factors appear to play a major role on the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases. Inherited diseases can result from mtDNA base substitution and rearrangement mutations and can affect the CNS, heart and skeletal muscle, and renal, endocrine and haematological systems. In addition, somatic mtDNA mutations accumulate with age in post-mitotic tissues in association with the age-related decline in mitochondrial function and are thought to be an important factor in ageing and senescence. The importance of mitochondrial defects in degenerative diseases and ageing has been demonstrated using mouse models of mitochondrial disease. An mtDNA mutation imparting chloramphenical resistance (CAPR) to mitochondrial protein synthesis has been transferred into mice and resulted in growth retardation and cardiomyopathy. A nDNA mutation which inactivates the heart-muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (Ant1) results in mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy; induction of ROS production; the compensatory up-regulation of energy, antioxidant, and apoptosis gene expression; and an increase in the mtDNA somatic mutation rate. Finally, a nDNA mutation which inactivates the mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) results in death in about 8 days due to dilated cardiomyopathy, which can be ameliorated by treatment with catalytic anti-oxidants. A partial MnSOD deficiency chronically increases oxidative stress, decreases OXPHOS function, and stimulates apoptosis. Thus, the decline of mitochondrial energy production resulting in increased oxidative stress and apoptosis does play a significant role in degenerative diseases and ageing.
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PMID:A mitochondrial paradigm for degenerative diseases and ageing. 1128 29

Much interest has recently been shown in apoptosis-mediated roles in the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases, because mitochondrial defects are implicated in a wide variety of degenerative diseases. We investigated whether apoptotic events occurred in skeletal muscles of patients with mitochondrial diseases, including chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), Kearns-Sayer syndrome (KSS), and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). In a immunohistochemical study, stainings for 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), Mn-SOD, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, DNase I and Bcl-x L showed a pronounced granular distribution in the cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative ragged-red fibers (RRFs). On the other hand, the signals for Bax, p53, Fas and caspase 3 were not obviously increased in RRFs. In situ labeling of DNA breaks demonstrated preferential signals not only in myonuclei but also in subsarcolemmal regions of RRFs, indicating that mitochondrial as well as myonuclear DNA is fragmented in RRFs. An immunoblotting study demonstrated that cytochrome c was increased in the cytosol of diseased muscles and that DNase I was increased in mitochondria, compared to that of normal muscles. No difference was observed between protein bands at 20 kDa corresponding to caspase 3 in diseased and normal muscles. These findings demonstrate that these mitochondrial diseases harbor unique apoptosis-related changes that differ from caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. It is thought that these changes are induced by superoxide overproduction and cytochrome c release resulting from an inherent mitochondrial defect and that the events are associated with DNase I activation.
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PMID:Apoptosis-related changes in skeletal muscles of patients with mitochondrial diseases. 1181 Jan 83