UNIPROT:P04141 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P04141 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
6,790 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A direct comparison of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) effects on neutrophil adhesiveness has been carried out. In vitro, GM-CSF and G-CSF upregulate neutrophil CD11b to a similar degree (to 227 +/- 69%, and 232 +/- 70% of control cells, respectively, p < 0.0005), but GM-CSF is more effective in downregulating neutrophil leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1), reducing levels to 33 +/- 4% (p < 0.0005), while G-CSF causes a fall to only 65 +/- 17% (p < 0.005) of control. The concentration of GM-CSF needed to achieve maximal activity is at least one log less than that of G-CSF. In vivo, both GM-CSF and G-CSF upregulate neutrophil CD11b (to 296 +/- 45% and 370 +/- 150%, respectively of baseline), but surface levels of LAM-1 on circulating cells are unchanged. GM-CSF increased neutrophil adhesion to cultured human endothelium in vitro (from 9.3 +/- 0.7% to 15.4 +/- 1.3%, p < 0.0005, n = 10), while G-CSF was without effect. In vivo, both GM-CSF and G-CSF produce a transient leucopenia, but recovery of peripheral counts occurs much earlier (by 60 minutes) with G-CSF, than with GM-CSF (only 50% of cells have demarginated at 120 min). GM-CSF appears to be greater proadhesive agonist for neutrophils than G-CSF.
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PMID:Differential effects of granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G- and GM-CSF) on neutrophil adhesion in vitro and in vivo. 128 8

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been used to effect the specific inhibition of cellular gene expression. We have evaluated the application of this approach to the inhibition of interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Antisense ODNs or control ODNs (sense ODNs or missense ODNs containing random base substitutions) were added to cultures of endothelial cells, the cells were induced with IL-1 alpha, and the conditioned media were assayed for GM-CSF and G-CSF by quantitative bioassays and for immunoreactive GM-CSF by enzyme immunoassay. Antisense ODNs complementary to the first 15 or 18 bases of the translation start sites of GM-CSF or G-CSF mRNAs inhibited, in a concentration-dependent fashion, the IL-1-stimulated expression of the corresponding factor, but did not affect expression of the other factor. Control ODNs did not affect GM-CSF or G-CSF expression. Exposure to a GM-CSF antisense ODN, but not a control ODN, substantially reduced cytoplasmic GM-CSF mRNA levels in IL-1-stimulated endothelial cells. Neither ODN affected levels of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM)1 or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNAs. We conclude that antisense ODNs complementary to the translation start sites of GM-CSF or G-CSF mRNAs inhibit expression of the corresponding factor in a sequence-specific fashion and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by reduction in the cytoplasmic level of the targeted mRNA. Moreover, IL-1-induced GM-CSF or G-CSF expression does not depend on expression of the other factor.
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PMID:Specific repression of granulocyte-macrophage and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene expression in interleukin-1-stimulated endothelial cells with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. 137 83

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increases neutrophil surface expression of the cellular adhesion molecule CD11b and primes the respiratory burst stimulated by the bacterial peptide f-met-leuphe (FMLP). We have examined the effects of the isoquinolinesulfonamide protein kinase inhibitors H7 and H8 on these functions of GM-CSF using whole blood assays. Concentrations of H7 and H8 that inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated upregulation of CD11b expression and activation of the respiratory burst, both augmented the effects of GM-CSF. H7 and H8 enhanced the GM-CSF-stimulated increase in CD11b expression to 215% +/- 10% (P less than .05) and 233% +/- 45% (P less than .05), respectively, of the value obtained with GM-CSF alone. The GM-CSF priming of the FMLP-stimulated oxidative burst was increased to 190% +/- 44% (P less than .01) by preincubation with H7 and to 172% +/- 25% (P less than .01) with H8. Preincubation with H8 did not affect overall binding of 125I-GM-CSF to neutrophils, but inhibited GM-CSF receptor internalization after ligand binding (P less than .05). These data indicate that the effects of GM-CSF are not mediated by protein kinase C and that a phosphorylation event down-modulates the neutrophil response to GM-CSF. It suggests that internalization of the receptor-ligand complex is not a rate-limiting step in signal transduction, and that regulation of the rate of internalization may be an important level of control of the activity of GM-CSF.
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PMID:Isoquinolinesulfonamide protein kinase inhibitors H7 and H8 enhance the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSE) on neutrophil function and inhibit GM-CSF receptor internalization. 216 26

The administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) causes a transient leucopenia. Radionuclide labelling studies showed this to be due to margination of neutrophils and monocytes predominantly in the pulmonary vasculature. No evidence of complement activation was found. A rapid in-vivo rise in neutrophil cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression was observed paralleling the development of the neutropenia. Neutrophils exposed to rhGM-CSF in-vitro showed similar rapid increases in CAM expression. The adherence of chromium-labelled neutrophils to endothelial cell cultures was modestly but highly significantly increased by rhGM-CSF, an effect that was reduced by the binding of a monoclonal antibody to the beta chain of neutrophil CAM. The margination of phagocytic cells induced by rhGM-CSF administration is therefore likely to be due at least in part to increased expression of adhesion promoting glycoproteins. The demargination, however, occurred at a time when neutrophil CAM expression was still high, suggesting that dissociation of the neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction depends on factors other than downregulation of CAM expression. In-vivo modulation of phagocyte CAMS and adhesive properties by GM-CSF may be of importance in the normal inflammatory response.
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PMID:Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor induced changes in cellular adhesion molecule expression and adhesion to endothelium: in-vitro and in-vivo studies in man. 264 37

Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a newly-identified cytokine produced by stromal cells, elevates platelet counts in neonatal rats in vivo and synergizes in vitro with IL-3 in supporting murine megakaryocyte colony formation and stimulating hematopoietic stem cells. Megakaryocytopoiesis is also enhanced by other colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), including IL-3, IL-6, and Steel factor (SLF). Dysregulation of neonatal thrombopoiesis predisposes newborns to develop thrombocytopenia during sepsis, despite increased circulating pools of committed thrombopoietic progenitors in newborn cord blood compared with adult. We previously reported reduced expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-3 from stimulated cord mononuclear cells, but increased expression of SLF in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-3, IL-6, and SLF might modulate megakaryocytopoiesis by inducing IL-11 expression, and newborns might express altered levels of IL-11 mRNA expression during activated conditions, contributing to the difference in circulating colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) cord and adult blood. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced a twofold greater increase in IL-11 mRNA expression in neonatal fibroblasts (NFb) compared with adult fibroblasts (AFb), and a 3.6-fold greater increase in HUVEC than human adult aorta endothelial cells (HAEC) by Northern blot analysis. PMA also induced a threefold greater increase in IL-11 protein production in NFb than AFb. Physiologic agonists IL-1 alpha, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and TGF-beta 2 triggered upregulation of IL-11 mRNA expression in both NFb and AFb. However, IL-3, IL-6, PIXY321 (a GM-CSF-IL-3 fusion protein), and SLF failed to upregulate IL-11 mRNA expression from the basal level, while macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) mRNA was significantly induced. These data suggest that the hematopoietic effect of IL-6, SLF, and IL-3 on megakaryocytopoiesis is probably not mediated by secondary IL-11 mRNA expression. Similarly, inflammatory agonists IL-1 beta, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) alone did not upregulate IL-11 expression from the basal level in endothelial cells, whereas intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 were strongly induced. Minimal basal IL-11 expression was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in NFb, AFb, HUVEC and HAEC. The quantitative RT-PCR assay also verified that IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVEC and HAEC, and IL-3- and IL-6-stimulated NFb and AFb only expressed minimal levels of IL-11 mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of interleukin-11 protein and mRNA expression in neonatal and adult fibroblasts and endothelial cells. 752 67

Intravenous administration of endotoxin into humans causes transient fever, alteration in the number of circulating neutrophils, and transient release into plasma of cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and other cellular products. The release can be temporally differentiated, and the extent of release is dose-dependent. By 1 h after endotoxin challenge, levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble TNF receptor increase; interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 increase by 1.5 h, and IL-1 receptor antagonist, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and lactoferrin increase by 2 h. Increased G-CSF is temporally associated with neutrophilia and the appearance of band neutrophils. Increased plasma lactoferrin and altered neutrophil surface antigen expression suggest that intravascular activation of neutrophils has occurred. The level of soluble E-selectin (sE-sel), an adhesion molecule released from endothelial cells, is elevated at 4 h and remains elevated at 24 h. sE-sel levels increase with higher doses of endotoxin at 4, 6, and 24 h.
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PMID:Increased circulating cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and E-selectin after intravenous administration of endotoxin in humans. 752 50

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was originally described as a T-cell-specific transcription factor athat supported the activation of cytokine gene expression and mediated the immunoregulatory effects of cyclosporin A (CsA). As we observed that activated endothelial cells also expressed NFAT, we tested the antiinflammatory properties of CsA in endothelial cells. Significantly, CsA completely suppressed the induction of NFAT in endothelial cells and inhibited the activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene regulatory elements that use NFAT by 60%. CsA similarly mediated a reduction of up to 65% in GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression in activated endothelial cells. CsA also suppressed E-selectin, but not vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in endothelial cells, even though the E-selectin promoter is activated by NF-kappa B rather than NFAT. Hence, induction of cell surface expression of this leukocyte adhesion molecule by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was reduced by 40% in the presence of CsA, and this was reflected by a 29% decrease in neutrophil adhesion. The effects of CsA on endothelial cells were also detected at the chromatin structure level, as DNasel hypersensitive sites within both the GM-CSF enhancer and the E-selectin promoter were suppressed by CsA. This represents the first report of NFAT in endothelial cells and suggests mechanisms by which CsA could function as an antiinflammatory agent.
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PMID:Regulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells by cyclosporin A and the T-cell transcription factor NFAT. 754 67

A human melanoma cell line, MEL-P, expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its specific receptor was newly established from a primary nodular lesion of a patient with a particularly unfavourable prognosis. Cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, cytokine and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 production analyses confirmed that this cell line was similar to the fresh melanoma cells from which it had been established. MEL-P constitutes a valuable model for the study of multistep tumour progression and the role of biologically active GM-CSF production in human malignant melanoma. Our results show a decreasing expression of HLA class I molecules during in vitro culture, when GM-CSF secretion attains the highest levels, and a constantly high production of ICAM-1. The inhibitory effect of GM-CSF antisense treatment on cellular growth might suggest the presence of an autocrine mechanism. On the whole, these data are consistent with the possible involvement of high GM-CSF production in the metastatic competence of melanoma cells through the autocrine mechanism of growth and/or the activation of other migration-related molecules by its local production in metastatic invasion.
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PMID:MEL-P, a GM-CSF-producing human melanoma cell line. 881 23

The mechanisms contributing to the proliferation and differentiation of antigen-presenting cell (APC) precursors upon antigen stimulation or tissue injury are poorly understood. Herein, we report the induction of a population of dendritic cell-like cells (DLC) with potent antigen-presentation function from unfractionated spleen cells by means of repetitive allostimulation in long-term mixed leucocyte cultures (LT-MLC). Initially, only a few adherent DLC were observed. By 4-6 weeks, however, there were large numbers of DLC which survived persistently. Features of these DLC are closely related to dendritic cells (DC), including (1) dendritic, veiled or spiny-processed morphology; (2) expression of a wide array of leucocyte surface markers including DC-associated or restricted antigens: 33D1, NLDC-145, CD11c (N418), heat-stable antigen (HSA), CD44, B7-1 and B7-2; (3) ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes and white pulp area of spleen; (4) expression of high level of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules and (5) more potent mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating capacity than peritoneal macrophages and APC-enriched spleen cells. DLC-stimulated MLR was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to B7-1, B7-2, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), leucocyte-function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) or very-late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) by 30-55%. When maintained for more than 2 months, the DLC did not lose their MLR-stimulating activity, but many surface markers were down-regulated except for Mac-2 and VCAM-1, which remained stable or were up-regulated, respectively. In short-term culture, the addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin (IL)-2 enhanced proliferation of DLC, while tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-4 did not. IL-4 suppressed not only 'spontaneous', but also GM-CSF-enhanced proliferation, suggesting that cytokines play a differential role in DLC proliferation. These results confirm that professional APC can proliferate in response to repetitive antigen stimulation, and their proliferation is differentially regulated by cytokines. A comparison study of DLC with typical DC is being carried out in our laboratory.
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PMID:Generation of dendritic cell-like antigen-presenting cells in long-term mixed leucocyte culture: phenotypic and functional studies. 920 77

To determine the effect of growth factor mobilization on the expression of adhesion molecules, we compared CD34+ progenitor cell (PC) populations from steady-state bone marrow (BM) with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-mobilized apheresis products (peripheral blood stem cell (PSC)) using flow cytometry. To increase the accuracy of this analysis, CD34+ cells were enriched (MiniMACS) before cytometric analysis. A significantly lower expression of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and LFA-3 were observed on PSC compared to BM CD34+ cells. In addition, significantly lower mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of VLA-4, VLA-5, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and sialyl Lewisx were observed on PSC as compared to BM CD34+ cells. Significantly higher levels of L-selectin and CD44 expression were observed on PSC as compared to BM CD34+ cells based on frequency and MFI (P < or = 0.05). In addition, the duration of GM-CSF administration or number of prior aphereses had no effect on adhesion molecule expression. These data suggest that decreased expression of adhesion molecules including VLA-4, LFA-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3 play a role in PC mobilization. Based on these studies, we suggest that PC mobilization occurs as a stochastic process and is associated with the selection of CD34+ cells with low adhesion molecule expression.
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PMID:GM-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells differ from steady-state bone marrow CD34+ cells in adhesion molecule expression. 920 10

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