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Query: UNIPROT:P04141 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
 6,790 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generally are rapidly eliminated from the blood after intermittent intravenous infusion. Subcutaneous administration of these agents results in lower peak concentrations but is associated with prolonged systemic exposure. Elimination of the factors appears to occur by several mechanisms, including white blood cell receptor-mediated endocytosis, metabolism by proteases, and urinary excretion by glomerular filtration with subsequent reabsorption and catabolism. The pattern and route of elimination are affected by type of factor and dosage, degree of glycosylation, renal function, and number of white blood cell receptors for the particular CSF. Granulocyte CSF and GM-CSF are approved for use in patients with nonmyeloid malignancy who are receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, respectively. In these indications, treatment generally is initiated no earlier than 24 hours after chemotherapy and continued beyond the expected chemotherapy-associated neutrophil count nadir. Limited information suggests that subcutaneous administration is more effective than intermittent intravenous infusion. The latter may require the addition of albumin to ensure stability. Storage and handling guidelines include preventing exposure to extreme temperatures and avoiding excessive agitation of the solution.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and administration of colony-stimulating factors. 159 12

We have examined the regulation of complement dependent phagocytosis by macrophage-activating cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but not interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 or macrophage-CSF, stimulated ingestion of the encapsulated fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans by resident peritoneal macrophages in vitro. This was dependent upon opsonization of the yeasts with complement, 72 h of incubation with the cytokines for maximum effect, and the obligate involvement of the macrophage CR3 receptor. TNF-alpha and GM-CSF synergized at low concentrations, resulting in dramatic up-regulation of phagocytosis when compared to either cytokine alone. Supernatants from C. neoformans-specific T cells also increased macrophage phagocytic efficiency. Finally, the administration of neutralizing mAb specific for TNF-alpha and GM-CSF increased mortality in C. neoformans-infected mice, and induced the rapid progression of disease with involvement of the brain and meninges. We conclude that TNF-alpha and GM-CSF are potent regulators of complement-dependent phagocytosis by murine macrophages. Macrophage activation with these two cytokines can completely overcome the anti-phagocytic properties of the virulent yeasts. Our results, therefore, implicate TNF-alpha and GM-CSF as important mediators of resistance to encapsulated pathogens such as C. neoformans where ingestion of the organism is a critical process in host resistance.
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PMID:Cytokine enhancement of complement-dependent phagocytosis by macrophages: synergy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans. 160 Oct 35

We investigated the interactions between human erythropoietin (hEpo) and serum factor(s) on murine megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation. Serum-free cultures supported the growth of a large number of murine MK colonies in the presence of murine interleukin-3 (mIL-3). The addition of fetal calf serum (FCS) to mIL-3-containing cultures resulted in only a minimal increase in the number of murine MK colonies. In contrast, hEpo alone had no murine MK colony-stimulating activities in serum-free cultures. hEpo required the presence of FCS, murine serum, or human serum in cultures to promote murine MK colony growth and synergized with these sera to stimulate murine MK colony formation. Furthermore, sera from patients with aplastic anemia showed higher synergistic activities with hEpo than sera from hematologically normal persons (normal human serum). When normal human serum was fractionated by gel-filtration chromatography, two peaks with the synergistic activity were observed in the eluent. However, serum did not show any synergistic effects with hEpo on the growth of murine GM colonies or murine colony-forming unit-erythroid-derived colonies. Although human serum synergized with hEpo to stimulate murine MK colony formation, human cytokines such as IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) failed to induce murine MK colony formation in Epo-containing cultures. In cultures containing human IL-1 alpha + human IL-6 + hEpo as well as in cultures containing hEpo, human IL-3 and human GM-CSF failed to show stimulatory effects on murine MK colony formation. Moreover, the synergistic activity of human serum with hEpo could not be neutralized by antibodies such as antihuman IL-1 alpha, antihuman IL-3, antihuman IL-4, antihuman IL-6, antihuman G-CSF, and antihuman GM-CSF. Our data show that serum contains a growth factor(s) that synergizes with Epo to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of MK precursors, and strongly suggest that this factor(s) is an unique growth factor(s) that is distinct from IL-1 alpha, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, G-CSF, and GM-CSF.
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PMID:Interactions between recombinant human erythropoietin and serum factor(s) on murine megakaryocyte colony formation. 161 Oct 96

Human bone marrow-derived progenitor cells were studied in a long-term bone marrow culture system (LTBMC) dependent on an autologous stroma cell layer. The establishment of the stromal cell layer was facilitated by using marrow obtained from small pieces of sternum, which was cultured for 4 weeks without addition of exogenous growth factors. After this period, the response of LTBMC to two different cytokines [recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF)] was investigated. Our results show proliferation in response to both cytokines and induction of differentiation of cells able to bind IL-2 and/or GM-CSF again. The two cytokines also generate cells responding to rhGM-CSF by colony formation. However, a difference with respect to morphology, phenotype and cytotoxic function of cells in the LTBMC, was noted between the two cytokines. Cells with large granular lymphocyte (LGL) morphology and cytotoxic activity against K562 and Daudi were generated only in the rhIL-2-supplemented LTBMC. This was compatible with a higher frequency of cells expressing the CD56+ phenotype in the IL-2-stimulated LTBMC as compared to the GM-CSF supplemented LTBMC. Our results also demonstrate the existence of a population of myeloid progenitor cells (CD33+) with ability to bind IL-2 in fresh bone marrow (BM).
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PMID:Natural killer (NK) cell activity in human long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC): effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the progenitor cells. 163 51

The lymphokine interleukin-3 (IL-3) promotes the growth and survival of immature hematopoietic cells. Previous studies have shown that IL-3 induces rapid increases in protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity in IL-3--dependent cells. Unlike some other hematopoietic growth factor receptors (eg, c-fms and c-kit), however, the known subunits of the IL-3 receptor (IL-3R) lack intrinsic kinase activity. Recently, it was reported that the IL-2R (whose p75 beta-subunit shares sequence homology with a known murine IL-3R subunit and a common beta-subunit of the human IL-3R and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] receptors) can physically associate with and regulate the activity of the SRC-family PTK, p56-LCK. Because most IL-3--dependent cells contain p53/56-LYN, but not p56-LCK, we explored the effects of IL-3 on the activities of LYN and other SRC-like PTKs in two human leukemic cell lines, AML-193 and TALL-101, which are phenotypically myeloid, and whose in vitro growth is dependent on IL-3. These cells expressed four of the eight known SRC-family proto-oncogenes: lyn, fyn, yes, and hck. When these factor-dependent leukemic cell lines were deprived of lymphokine to achieve cellular quiescence and then restimulated with IL-3, rapid increases (detectable within 1 minute and maximal by 10 minutes) were observed in the activity of the p53/56-LYN kinase, as assessed by in vitro kinase assays. In contrast, no alteration in the activities of other SRC-family PTKs present in these cells was detected after restimulation with IL-3 under the same conditions. This effect of IL-3 reflected an increase in the specific activity of the LYN kinase, because levels of the 53-Kd and 56-Kd LYN proteins were unaltered by IL-3 stimulation, as assessed by immunoblotting. Furthermore, the magnitude of these inducible increases in LYN kinase activity was dependent on the concentration of IL-3, and correlated with IL-3--induced proliferation. The IL-3--induced upregulation of LYN kinase activity may be mediated by the 120-Kd common subunit of the human IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors, because GM-CSF also stimulated marked increases in the activity of the LYN kinase, whereas granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) did not, despite inducing cellular proliferation. These observations provide the first example of an IL-3--regulable PTK, and strongly suggest that the p53/56-LYN kinase participates in early IL-3--initiated signalling events, at least in some human leukemic cell lines.
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PMID:Interleukin-3 regulates the activity of the LYN protein-tyrosine kinase in myeloid-committed leukemic cell lines. 163 19

The disruption of the cutaneous permeability barrier results in metabolic events that ultimately restore barrier function. These include increased epidermal sterol, fatty acid, and sphingolipid synthesis, as well as increased epidermal DNA synthesis. Because tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines are known products of keratinocytes and have been shown to modulate lipid and DNA synthesis in other systems, their levels were examined in two acute models and one chronic model of barrier perturbation in hairless mice. Acute barrier disruption with acetone results in a 72% increase in epidermal TNF 2.5 h after treatment, as determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, epidermal TNF mRNA was elevated ninefold over controls 2.5 h after acetone treatment. This elevation in TNF mRNA was maximal at 1 h after acetone, and decreased to control levels by 8 h. After tape stripping, a second acute model of barrier disruption that avoids application of potentially toxic chemicals, TNF mRNA was elevated fivefold over controls at 2.5 h. Moreover, the mRNA levels for epidermal IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) also were elevated several-fold over controls, after either acetone treatment or tape stripping, but their kinetics differed. GM-CSF mRNA reached a maximal level at 1 h after acetone, while IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were maximal at 4 h after treatment. In contrast, mRNAs encoding IL-6 and IFN gamma were not detected either in control murine epidermis or in samples obtained at various times after tape stripping or acetone treatment. The relationship of the cytokine response to barrier function is further strengthened by results obtained in essential fatty acid deficient mice. In this chronic model of barrier perturbation mRNA levels for epidermal TNF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and GM-CSF were each elevated several-fold over controls. These results suggest that epidermal cytokine production is increased after barrier disruption and may play a role in restoring the cutaneous permeability barrier.
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PMID:Cutaneous barrier perturbation stimulates cytokine production in the epidermis of mice. 164 19

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) secreted by a hepatoma cell line, HA22T/GVH, was purified and assessed for its effects in vivo on blood leukocytes and bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in ICR mice pretreated with a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (cytoxan). The hGM-CSF preparations were natural and had no detectable endotoxin. Five days after the administration of 300 mg/kg cytoxan, severe leukopenia with marked myelopoietic suppression was induced. The cytoxan-treated mice were then injected intraperitoneally with 10,000 units of purified hGM-CSF/mouse daily for three days. Leukopenia was totally abrogated and the leukocyte number greatly increased to a level 2- to 3-fold higher than in GM-CSF-uninjected mice. Differential white cell count showed that the subpopulations of leukocytes responsive to hGM-CSF stimulation were mainly of neutrophils and monocytes, while the lymphocytes remained unaffected. Meanwhile, in the bone marrow, hGM-CSF administration induced an apparent (3-fold) increase in the number of myeloid progenitor cells, CFU-GM. However, the effect in vivo of a single hGM-CSF injection could only maintain for 48 hrs. In addition, the loss in body weight caused by cytoxan was less in the mice with subsequent hGM-CSF than those without CSF. These results suggest that injection of GM-CSF can effectively reconstitute the cytotoxic drug-damaged myelopoiesis without apparent in vivo toxic reaction.
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PMID:In vivo stimulation of myelopoiesis in cyclophosphamide-treated mice by purified human GM-CSF. 165 33

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a disorder of myelopoiesis characterized by severe neutropenia secondary to a maturational arrest at the level of promyelocytes. We treated five patients with SCN with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) for 42 days and subsequently, between 1 and 3 months later, with rhG-CSF for 142 days. The objective was to evaluate the safety and ability of these factors to elicit a neutrophil response. rhGM-CSF was administered at a dose of 3 to 30 micrograms/kg/d (30 to 60 minutes, intravenously). In all patients, a specific, dose-dependent increase in the absolute granulocyte counts was observed. However, in four patients this increase was due to an increase in eosinophils, and in only one patient it was due to an increase in the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC). Subsequently, all patients received rhG-CSF at a dose of 3 to 15 micrograms/kg/d subcutaneously. In contrast to rhGM-CSF treatment, all five patients responded to rhG-CSF during the first 6 weeks of treatment with an increase in the ANC to above 1,000/microL. The level of ANC could be maintained during maintenance treatment. In one patient, the increase in ANC was associated with an improvement of a severe pneumonitis caused by Peptostreptococcus and resistant to antibiotic treatment. No severe bacterial infections occurred in any of the patients during CSF treatment. All patients tolerated rhGM-CSF and rhG-CSF treatment without severe side effects. These results demonstrate the beneficial effect of rhG-CSF in SCN patients.
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PMID:Differential effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with severe congenital neutropenia. 168 95

Granulocyte (G)-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF enhance phagocyte survival and function and are produced by fibroblasts and endothelial cells after induction by inflammatory mediators such as IL-1. Our ability to detect G-CSF and GM-CSF activity in the conditioned medium of the human astroglial tumor cell line, U87MG, and molecularly clone the cDNA for G-CSF from a U87MG cDNA library raised the possibility that astroglial cells are capable of G-CSF and GM-CSF production within the central nervous system; if so, the production of these CSF by astroglial cells may be inducible by IL-1. We examined the effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta on the production of G-CSF and GM-CSF by U87MG and U373MG, another astroglial tumor cell line that does not constitutively produce CSF. We demonstrate that both U87MG and U373MG can be induced to produce G-CSF and GM-CSF by exposure to IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. This response, measured by accumulation of increased CSF mRNA, is rapid, sensitive and due to the enhanced stability of CSF message following IL-1 exposure. The implications of these findings to the immunopathogenesis of central nervous system infections are discussed.
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PMID:Monokine modulation of human astroglial cell production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. I. Effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-beta. 169 Feb 40

Oxidized lipoproteins have been identified in atherosclerotic plaques and in early lesions in humans as well as in animals. There is accumulating evidence that such oxidized lipoproteins have an important role in atherosclerosis. Treatment of endothelial cells with altered lipoproteins stimulates monocyte binding as well as the production of chemotactic factors for monocytes. Both these findings could be relevant to the accumulation of monocytes-macrophages in the arterial wall during the early stages of lesion development. We now report that treatment of endothelial cells (EC) with modified low-density lipoproteins obtained by mild iron oxidation or by prolonged storage, results in a rapid and large induction of the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage CSF (M-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF). These growth factors affect the differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration and metabolism of macrophages/granulocytes, and G-CSF and GM-CSF also affect the migration and proliferation of EC. Because EC and macrophages are important in the development of atherosclerosis, the expression of the CSFs by these cells could contribute to the disease.
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PMID:Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins. 169 Mar 54


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