Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04141 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
6,790 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells express CD23 surface antigen after in vitro treatment with various cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma. Subsequent ligation of CD23 by specific monoclonal antibody (MoAb) induces substantial morphologic and functional modifications in these cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of CD23 in the proliferation and the maturation of leukemic cells from AML patients or the U937 cell line. CD23+ cell treatment with CD23 MoAb inhibited the proliferation of leukemic cells. This correlated with their terminal differentiation after 7 to 9 days incubation because they (1) definitively lost their growth capacity; (2) adhered to culture flasks and became monocyte/macrophage-like; and (3) expressed mature monocyte markers including nonspecific esterases. Intracellular mechanism of this antitumoral effect was then analyzed in U937 cells. Induction of high-density surface CD23 expression by IL-4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor coincided with a transient decrease of U937 cell proliferation. CD23 ligation during this low-proliferative phase induced a rapid activation of L-arginine-dependent pathway and the intracellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Induction of these early messengers was followed by the activation of nuclear factor-kB transcription factor and the modulation of proto-oncogene expression by U937 cells. Whereas U937 cell treatment with IL-4 decreased c-fos/c-jun expression, CD23 MoAb reinduced c-fos/c-jun and promoted the expression of cell maturation-associated proto-oncogenes junB and c-fms, during the first 24 hours. Both IL-4 and CD23 MoAb downregulated the expression of c-myb. CD23 ligation also induced the production of TNF alpha by U937 cells. Inhibitors of cAMP and nitric oxide reversed CD23-mediated modification in U937 cells. These data evidence the ability of CD23 surface antigen to mediate terminal differentiation of early leukemic myelomonocytic cells.
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PMID:Growth arrest and terminal differentiation of leukemic myelomonocytic cells induced through ligation of surface CD23 antigen. 794 82

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is a cytokine required for proliferation, differentiation, activity, and survival of cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. The growth factor is synthesized as a soluble, matrix, or membrane associated molecule. The specific functions of these forms are not clear. However, some data suggest a dependence of the development of various populations of tissue macrophages on the locally expressed and presented cytokine. Deficiency in CSF-1, as is the case in the murine mutant strain op/op, results in low numbers of macrophages and monocytes and, most striking, leads to osteopetrosis due to a virtual absence of osteoclasts. Using the op/op mutation as a model, CSF-1 was established as one of the growth factors for osteoclasts. The expression of CSF-1 receptors, encoded by the proto-oncogene c-fms, by osteoclast precursors and osteoclasts, suggested an effect of this cytokine not only during osteoclast formation but also on the mature cells. In fact, CSF-1 was shown to inhibit the resorbing activity, to stimulate migration, and to support survival of isolated osteoclasts in vitro. By these actions on cells of the osteoclast lineage, CSF-1 induces recruitment of new osteoclasts, leading to a net increase of bone resorption, and might govern the spatial distribution of resorption sites within the bone. During these processes, locally expressed and presented forms of the growth factor may play a crucial role, as will be discussed in this article.
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PMID:Role of colony-stimulating factor-1 in bone metabolism. 796 66

Direct and indirect evidence strongly indicates that the proto-oncogene c-myb plays an important role in the regulation of both the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In addition, recent data suggest that the structurally related B-myb gene is also necessary for the proliferation of these cells. To help understand the relationship between these two related gene products during proliferation and differentiation of myeloid cells, we have studied in parallel the regulated expression of c-myb and B-myb RNAs and proteins in human myeloid cells that were either growth-arrested or induced to differentiate along different pathways. For this purpose, we have produced a polyclonal antibody directed against a fragment of the recombinant B-myb protein. We have thus been able to detect the B-myb protein in human cell lines and have found it to be a 93-kD protein localized in the nucleus. We have chosen two models to study the expression of both c-myb and B-myb mRNAs and proteins during myeloid proliferation and differentiation. One of the models was the HL-60 cell line, which can be induced to differentiate towards the monocytic pathway with either phorbol ester (phorbol myristate acetate) or vitamin D3 and towards the granulocytic pathway with either dimethyl sulfoxide or retinoic acid. In addition, we have studied another recently established human leukemic cell line, called GF-D8, which is strictly dependent on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for proliferation. The results show that the expression of B-myb RNA and protein closely correlates with proliferation in all experimental setups studied, whereas the c-myb protein levels do not always do so. We observed that the c-myb protein levels decreased well before the decrease of B-myb protein and of proliferation itself during differentiation toward monocytes. Such a difference was not present during granulocytic differentiation, in which c-myb levels decreased, if anything, later than those of B-myb and proliferation. Most striking was the finding that high levels of c-myb RNA and protein, but not of B-myb, were present in the GF-D8 cell line, even after growth arrest by GM-CSF deprivation. These data suggest that B-myb may function solely in the regulation of cellular proliferation, whereas c-myb has additional functions, for example, in the maintenance of an undifferentiated state.
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PMID:Dissociation between p93B-myb and p75c-myb expression during the proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid cell lines. 814 46

The degradation of some proto-oncogene and lymphokine mRNAs is controlled in part by an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. It was shown previously (G. Brewer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2460-2466, 1991) that two polypeptides (37 and 40 kDa) copurified with fractions of a 130,000 x g postribosomal supernatant (S130) from K562 cells that selectively accelerated degradation of c-myc mRNA in a cell-free decay system. These polypeptides bound specifically to the c-myc and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3' UTRs, suggesting they are in part responsible for selective mRNA degradation. In the present work, we have purified the RNA-binding component of this mRNA degradation activity, which we refer to as AUF1. Using antisera specific for these polypeptides, we demonstrate that the 37- and 40-kDa polypeptides are immunologically cross-reactive and that both polypeptides are phosphorylated and can be found in a complex(s) with other polypeptides. Immunologically related polypeptides are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The antibodies were also used to clone a cDNA for the 37-kDa polypeptide. This cDNA contains an open reading frame predicted to produce a protein with several features, including two RNA recognition motifs and domains that potentially mediate protein-protein interactions. These results provide further support for a role of this protein in mediating ARE-directed mRNA degradation.
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PMID:Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1. 824 82

The product of the c-raf-1 proto-oncogene, Raf-1, is known to encode a 74-kDa ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase. Various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3 and erythropoietin have been shown to induce phosphorylation of Raf-1, thereby activating Raf-1 kinase. Raf-1 is, thus, believed to play a role in coupling growth factor receptors to proliferation. We have examined the role of Raf-1 in the mitogenic response of human peripheral blood-derived IL-2 receptor expressing T cells to human recombinant IL-2 employing c-raf antisense (AS) oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Uptake studies of oligonucleotides indicated that incorporation of oligomers was maximal at 4 h and oligodeoxynucleotides remained stable in these cells for up to 24 h. Treatment of T cells with the AS oligodeoxyribonucleotide in intracellular duplex formation followed by efficient translation blockade of c-raf-1. In contrast, sense (S) and nonsense (NS) oligodeoxynucleotides failed to form intracellular duplexes and did not interfere with translation of c-raf-1, suggesting specific elimination of c-raf-1 by the AS oligomer. Proliferation of T cells ([3H]thymidine incorporation) following exposure to IL-2 was substantially reduced when the c-raf-1 AS oligodeoxyribonucleotide was added to cultures, while the mitogenic response to this factor remained almost unaffected in the presence of S and NS oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
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PMID:The mitogenic response of T cells to interleukin-2 requires Raf-1. 825 28

Preincubation of human neutrophils with the human cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) results in an increase in the amount of alpha-subunit of Gi2 (Gi alpha 2) associated with the plasma membrane and a corresponding decrease in the amount associated with the granule fractions. Similar results are obtained with interleukin-8. GM-CSF has no effect on the distribution of Gi alpha 3. The effect of GM-CSF on Gi alpha 2 is time-dependent, and, although a significant effect can be observed after incubation for 5 min with GM-CSF, the enhancement increases with increasing time. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and 1,2-bis-(O-aminophenoxyl)ethane-NNN'N'-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA), an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, decrease the stimulatory effect of GM-CSF. On the other hand, the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide does not affect the action of GM-CSF. Also, although preincubation of human neutrophils with GM-CSF increases the levels of Gi alpha 2 in the plasma membrane it does not alter the total amount of cellular Gi alpha 2. In addition, the level of Gi alpha 2 mRNA, unlike that of the proto-oncogene c-fos, is not increased in cells treated with GM-CSF. This indicates that the observed increase in the amount of Gi alpha 2 associated with the plasma membrane is not due to the synthesis of new Gi alpha 2. These data provide insight into the mechanism by which GM-CSF may prime human neutrophils for increased responsiveness to subsequent stimulation by G-protein-dependent agonists.
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PMID:Up-regulation of the amount of Gi alpha 2 associated with the plasma membrane in human neutrophils stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. 850 45

UT-7 is a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line with absolute dependence on interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or erythropoietin (EPO) for growth and survival. We investigated the effect of thrombopoietin (TPO), the ligand for the receptor encoded by c-mpl proto-oncogene, on the proliferation and differentiation of UT-7 and its sublines. We found that UT-7/GM, which is a subline of UT-7, but neither UT-7 nor UT-7/EPO, can proliferate in response to TPO. The subline, UT-7/TPO, was established from UT-7/GM by culture at lower concentrations of TPO. UT-7/TPO cells had morphologically mature megakaryocytic characteristics such as developed demarcation membrane in the cytoplasm and multinucleated appearance. This was also confirmed by the high expression of platelet factor-4 and glycoprotein IIb at the mRNA levels and by the high level of DNA content. UT-7/TPO can be maintained by TPO alone, with a doubling time of 24 hours in log growth phase. In the absence of TPO, the majority of the cells died within a few days. Thus, UT-7/TPO has an absolute dependence on TPO for growth and survival and has mature megakaryocytic features. The mRNA for c-mpl was detected in UT-7/TPO and, to a lesser degree, in UT-7/GM. The mRNA level of NF- E2 p45, reported to be an erythroid-specific transcription factor, was upregulated in UT-7/TPO, whereas it was down-regulated in the erythroid subline, UT-7/EPO. There were no significant differences in GATA-1 and GATA-2 mRNA levels among UT-7 and its sublines. Not only EPO but also TPO induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase and STAT5-related protein. These findings indicate that UT-7/TPO would be a useful model with which to analyze the gene regulation of megakaryocytic maturation-associated proteins and to study the specific actions of TPO.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of the thrombopoietin-dependent megakaryocytic cell line, UT-7/TPO. 863 23

Introduction of v-src or c-src527F, a transforming mutant of the c-src proto-oncogene, into the growth factor-dependent cell line FDCP-1 resulted in growth factor independence. Temperature-shift studies with cells carrying the tsLA29 mutant of v-src demonstrated that growth factor independence was oncogene-dependent; that is, the cells were growth factor-independent at the permissive temperature but became growth factor-dependent at the nonpermissive temperature. Introduction of the c-src proto-oncogene did not result in growth factor independence. The c-src2A,527F mutant, which encodes an activated tyrosine kinase but does not transform fibroblasts due to a mutation in the membrane localization sequence, induced growth factor independence. This suggests that the presence of an activated tyrosine kinase is necessary for this process but that membrane localization is not. Bioassays indicated that conditioned medium from growth factor-independent cells contained a growth factor identified by antibody neutralization studies as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Secretion of GM-CSF was confirmed by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for GM-CSF. The presence of GM-CSF mRNA in src-infected FDCP-1 cells was demonstrated by PCR amplification of cDNAs with primers specific for GM-CSF. While GM-CSF mRNA was detected in FDCP/ts29 cells grown at 34 degrees C, it was not observed in cells infected with the tsLA29 mutant grown at the nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C. Transfection of v-src-infected FDCP-1 cells with a GM-CSF promoter reporter plasmid revealed src-dependent expression of luciferase; that is, while expression was observed at the permissive temperature, no expression was detected in FDCP/ts29 clone 6 cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature. No expression of the GM-CSF promoter reporter plasmid was observed in uninfected FDCP-1 cells.
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PMID:Induction of growth factor-independence and GM-CSF secretion by the v-src oncogene in murine myeloid cells does not require membrane association of pp60v-src. 864 39

The fps/fes proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is thought to participate in signaling pathways involving members of the cytokine receptor superfamily, including those for erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotropic factor, and interleukins 3, 4, 6, and 11. Expression of fps/fes has been detected in hematopoietic cells, vascular endothelial cells, and cell types arising from all three germ layers during early development. Here, we describe fps/fes expression in developing and adult tissues from normal mice or from transgenic animals overexpressing wild-type or activated mutant fps/fes alleles. The highest levels of fps/fes expression were seen in angioblasts of early yolk sac blood islands, chondrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, neuronal cells, and several epithelial cell types, including those of the choroid plexus and the uterus. Fps/Fes protein was concentrated in the perinuclear region of cultured neuronal, myeloid, epithelial, and vascular endothelial cells, and a chimeric Fps/Fes-green fluorescence protein colocalized with gamma-adaptin, a marker for the trans-Golgi apparatus. These observations suggest the involvement of Fps/Fes in vesicle transport processes in cells with prominent secretory functions.
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PMID:The fps/fes tyrosine kinase is expressed in myeloid, vascular endothelial, epithelial, and neuronal cells and is localized in the trans-golgi network. 880 11

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that has been shown to support call proliferation in murine fibroblasts engineered to stably express both chains of the human GM-CSF receptor (NIH-GMR). Because the proto-oncogene c-fos is believed to provide a link between short-term signals elicited at the membrane and long-term cellular response, we chose to study the mechanism of GM-CSF-dependent cell regulation using c-fos promoter activity as a molecular marker in both NIH-GMR transfectants and in the CD34+ cell line TF-1. The importance of c-fos and related AP-1 activity in GM-CSF signalling was suggested by a tight correlation between GM-CSF-dependent activation of the c-fos promoter and cell proliferation and by the inhibitory effect of a trans-dominant c-fos mutant on cell growth. To evaluate the contribution of the serum response factor (SRF) associated with the ternary complex factor (TCF) and of STAT proteins to c-fos promoter activation in response to GM-CSF, the SRF binding site (SRE) and/or the STAT binding site (SIE) were inactivated. In serum-free medium, both SRE and SIE are essential to c-fos promoter activation by GM-CSF in NIH-GMR transfectants and in TF-1 cells. No response to GM-CSF was observed when both sites were mutated. The nature of the STAT family member was further investigated by Wester blots and DNA retardation assays using an SIE probe. Our data indicate that GM-CSF induced DNA binding of both STAT1 and STAT3 in NIH-GMR and mainly of STAT3 in TF-1 cells. STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation was also observed in TF-1 cells. Finally, expression of a dominant negative MAPK mutant, ERK192A, resulted in a decrease of both SRE- and SIE-dependent activation of c-fos promoter by GM-CSF, suggesting that STAT1/3 are regulated not only by tyrosine kinases, but also partially by MAPK.
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PMID:Contribution of both STAT and SRF/TCF to c-fos promoter activation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. 887 87


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