Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04141 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
 6,790 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clonality in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has been studied with various techniques including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) isoenzyme and cytogenetic analyses, and with molecular techniques such as gene deletion studies and the analysis of restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP) of X-linked genes. In this study, we investigated the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a chromosome-specific probe to examine cytogenetic clonality in peripheral blood (PB) cells from three patients with MDS. In each case, trisomy 8 was shown by conventional cytogenetic analysis at the time of the initial diagnosis. By using FISH with a probe for the centromere of chromosome 8, we identified the trisomy in individual PB cells from Wright-stained smears. With this technique, we could determine the cell lineage involved by the trisomy, and through serial analyses we could assess the response of the clonal and nonclonal cells to growth-factor therapy, and the expansion of the trisomic clone over time. In each of the three cases, various proportions of granulocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils showed trisomy 8 by FISH analysis. In none of the cases did we detect trisomy 8 in lymphocytes. By analysis of PB cells before and during therapy with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we found that GM-CSF stimulated both trisomic and disomic cells. During a 1-year period of sequential study, we detected an abrupt increase in the percentage of trisomic cells in one patient, a stable percentage in another, and a slowly increasing percentage in the third. The abrupt increase in the first patient preceded a transformation to a more acute phase by 2 months. We conclude that FISH analysis of PB cells of patients with MDS offers an additional approach to the study of clonality in this disorder. In some cases this analysis may provide a useful and simple means of assessing response to therapy and progression of disease.
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PMID:Cytogenetic clonality in myelodysplastic syndromes studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization: lineage, response to growth factor therapy, and clone expansion. 845 4

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is known to stimulate granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. We studied the effect of GM-CSF on (clonal) bone marrow (BM) cells obtained from AML patients after 7 days of culture in vitro: BM samples were obtained from 19 AML patients at diagnosis (DIA), from two patients with persisting disease (PERS), from eight patients in complete remission (CR), and from 12 healthy donors. Flow-cytometric comparison of differentiated, CD 15-positive cells or of CD34-positive blast cells before and after cultivation showed that the proportion of CD15-positive cells was increased in nine of 12 healthy BM samples, in 14 of 19 cases at DIA, in one of three cases during PERS, and in five of six cases in CR of AML. The proportion of CD34-positive cells was increased in one of 12 healthy BM samples, in seven of 19 cases at DIA, in one of two cases during PERS, and in three of seven cases in CR of AML. Southern blot analysis (SBA) performed in six cases during the course of AML, before and after cell culture, showed that clonal DNA increased after GM-CSF treatment in three of five cases studied at DIA, in six of nine cases studied in CR, in the one case studied at PERS, and in the one studied at relapse (REL). In one case of trisomy 8 at DIA a normal karyotype was demonstrated in CR. However, after 7 days of cultivation of the cells in GM-CSF the trisomy 8 was detected in two of 17 metaphases isolated from colony-cells from methylcellulose cultures. Our data show that a 7-day treatment of BM cells with GM-CSF induced a differentiation of healthy and leukemic BM cells in the great majority of cases. An enrichment of CD34-positive cells was not achieved in healthy BM samples. However, in 70% of the cases in CR and in 30% of the cases at DIA of AML, clonal CD34-positive cells were enriched. This means that GM-CSF stimulates ('primes') leukemic cell growth in vitro.
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PMID:GM-CSF stimulates proliferation of clonal leukemic bone marrow cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in vitro. 1055 May 55

The development of immunodeficient mouse xenograft models has greatly facilitated the investigation of some human hematopoietic malignancies, but application of this approach to the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) has proven difficult. We now show that cells from most MDS patients (including all subtypes) repopulate nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (scid)/scid-beta2 microglobulin null (NOD/SCID-beta2m(-/-)) mice at least transiently and produce abnormal differentiation patterns in this model. Normal marrow transplants initially produce predominantly erythroid cells and later predominantly B-lymphoid cells in these mice, whereas most MDS samples produced predominantly granulopoietic cells. In 4 of 4 MDS cases, the regenerated cells showed the same clonal markers (trisomy 8, n = 3; and 5q-, n = 1) as the original sample and, in one instance, regenerated trisomy 8(+) B-lymphoid as well as myeloid cells were identified. Interestingly, the enhanced growth of normal marrow obtained in NOD/SCID-beta2m(-/-) mice engineered to produce human interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and Steel factor was seen only with 1 of 7 MDS samples. These findings support the concept that human MDS originates in a transplantable multilineage hematopoietic stem cell whose genetic alteration may affect patterns of differentiation and responsiveness to hematopoietic growth factors. They also demonstrate the potential of this new murine xenotransplant model for future investigations of MDS.
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PMID:Engraftment of NOD/SCID-beta2 microglobulin null mice with multilineage neoplastic cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. 1537 76

Among 11 JMML children, two had an abnormal karyotype, and nine had a normal karyotype at onset. In one patient with trisomy 8 and four patients with a normal karyotype, a new clone with an aberrant karyotype emerged 1-14 months after 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy as shown by G-banding analyses. Fluorescence in situ hybridization disclosed that an abnormal clone existed in approximately 3-6% of bone marrow cells at onset or before 6-MP therapy in all the four cases examined, and increased to approximately 12-90% during the treatment. In culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytogenetically abnormal clones that proliferated during 6-MP therapy possessed significantly less sensitivity to the antimetabolite, compared with cells that decreased in numbers after the therapy. A PTPN11 mutation was detected in all of granulocyte-macrophage colonies irrespective of karyotypic aberration in one patient, whereas approximately 80% of erythroid colonies and 20% of mixed colonies possessed neither a PTPN11 mutation nor chromosomal abnormalities. The appearance of chromosomal aberrations shown by G-banding during 6-MP therapy in some JMML cases may result, in part, from the growth of a 6-MP-refractory clone that already exists at onset. It is possible that treatment with 6-MP promotes progression of the disease.
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PMID:Chromosomal change during 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: the growth of a 6-MP-refractory clone that already exists at onset. 1642 64