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Query: UNIPROT:P04141 (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
 6,790 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of neutrophils during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is not known. Disruption of the initial and nonspecific immune response may favor the spread of EBV infection. We have previously shown that EBV interacts with human neutrophils and modulates protein expression. In this study we have investigated the ability of EBV to infect neutrophils. Electron microscopy studies showed penetration of virus and its subsequent localization to the nucleus. The presence of viral genomes in isolated nuclei from neutrophils was also shown by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of viral transcripts like EBNA-2 (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-2) and ZEBRA (BamHI Z EBV replication activator) was not detected by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, suggesting that EBV does not seem to establish a latent or a lytic infection in neutrophils. However, at 20 hours post-EBV infection, 77% of cells were apoptotic as compared to 22% in uninfected cell cultures, as evaluated by flow cytometry. This EBV-induced apoptosis was prevented by the addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to the cell cultures. Apoptotic cell death seems to implicate the Fas/Fas ligand (L) pathway, as reflected by an increase of Fas/Fas L expression on neutrophils treated with EBV and an increase of soluble Fas L, which may function in an autocrine/paracrine pathway to mediate cell death. Lastly, EBV genome was detected from neutrophils of infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients in contrast to neutrophils obtained from healthy EBV-seropositive donors. Our findings on the interactions of EBV with neutrophils will then provide new insights on the immunosuppressive effects associated with EBV infection.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus infects and induces apoptosis in human neutrophils. 963 29

Many nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsy specimens contain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, the response of NPC cells to EBV infection in vitro and in vivo is not well characterized. In this experiment we infected NPC cells with EBV particles through endocytosis of a complex of EBV immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory component (SC) protein to observe the response of host cells to the foreign viral infection in vitro. We found that EBV particles were endocytosed and stabilized in NPC nuclei 24 hours after infection; the EBV genomes were then gradually decreased after serial passages within 3 to 4 weeks by the following pathway: the EBV genomes first moved toward the nuclear envelope from the center of the nucleus; after crossing the nuclear envelope, they moved into the cytoplasm and toward the plasma membrane and were discharged by exocytosis. At the 10th day of EBV infection, EBV-latent membrane protein-1 and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 protein expressions could be detected, but not EBV-viral capsid antigen. Observation of EBNA-1 protein and host growth factor and cytokine gene expressions in the weeks after incubation revealed that the EBNA-1 protein expression was decreased proportionally with decrease of EBV genome. The mRNA expression of epithelial growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased within 1 to 2 weeks after infection, and gradually recovered to the original level at 3 to 4 weeks, whereas the mRNAs of TGFbeta1, TGFbeta receptor type I (TGFbetaRI), TGFbetaR type II, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha remained unchanged. It is concluded that in vitro EBV infection in NPC cells results in increase of certain growth factor and cytokine gene expressions in host cells. The change in gene expression returns to the original level approximately 3 to 4 weeks after infection because of exocytosis of EBV DNA by the infected cells through an unidentified mechanism.
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PMID:Response of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro. 1095 Jan 6