Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P04040 (Catalase)
 3,577 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important endogenous reducing agents and can participate in a variety of cellular events. In vitro, AA can act as a potent oxidant agent in the presence of free metals, promote modifications in protein structures and form reactive oxygen species during its oxidation. We have observed that AA (above 6 mmol/l) inactivates delta-aminolevulinate dehidratase (delta-ALA-D), a sulfhydryl-containing enzyme and that the inhibitory action was considerably decreased when 3-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid buffer (MOPS - pH: 6.8; 100 mmol/l) was used in the delta-ALA-D activity assay instead of potassium phosphate buffer (PB - pH: 6.8; 100 mmol/l). delta-ALA-D inhibition, probably, is mediated by the oxidation of -SH groups caused by the auto-oxidation of AA promoted by metals or another oxidizing system present in liver supernatants. This hypothesis was confirmed by studying dithiothreitol (DTT - 400 micromol/l) oxidation, as a model of enzyme thiols, where we observed that the mechanism underlying DTT and delta-ALA-D oxidation caused by ascorbate is the same. The difference observed between different buffers may be related to the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) that was more accentuated in PB than in MOPS buffer. The presence of ethilenediamintetraacetic acid (EDTA - 100 micromol/l) and Fe(III) (5 micromol/l) stimulated DTT oxidation more in PB than in MOPS buffer. Deferroxamine (DF - 100 micromol/l) considerably decreased DTT oxidation. Catalase (0.4 mg/ml) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD - 300 U/ml) had only a modest effect on DTT oxidation. The present results suggest that delta-ALA-D inhibition by AA is mediated primarily by the oxidized form of AA and reactive oxygen species play only a modest role in the process.
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PMID:Oxidation of delta-ALA-D and DTT mediated by ascorbic acid: modulation by buffers depends on free iron. 1607 98

Epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence collectively suggests that Se in different inorganic and organic forms provides a potential cancer chemopreventive agent, active against several types of cancer. It can exert preventive activity in all the three stages of cancer: initiation, promotion and progression. Literature reports revealed that organoselenocyanates have more potential as chemopreventive agents than inorganic forms due to their lower toxicity. In our previous report we showed chemopreventive efficacy of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate during the initiation and pre- plus post-initiation phases of skin and colon carcinogenesis process. The present study was undertaken to explore the anti-tumour promoting activity of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate in a 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-croton oil two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. The results obtained showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of the incidence and number of skin papillomas, precancerous skin lesions, along with significant (p<0.01) elevation of phase II detoxifying enzymes (GST, Catalase and SOD) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver and skin. Thus, the present data strongly suggest that diphenylmethyl selenocyanate also has the potential to act as anti-tumour promoter agent in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model, pointing to possible general efficacy.
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PMID:Anti-tumour promoting activity of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate against two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. 1610 30

The effect of aging on basal and hypoxia/reoxygenation levels of both oxidative stress (protein carbonyl and TBARS) and antioxidative-enzyme activity (Cu/Zn-SOD; Mn-SOD; Catalase, CAT; Se-independent and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione transferase, GST and glutathione reductase, GR) has been studied in the cerebral cortex of adult and old rats. Oxidative stress markers increased with aging and show an age-dependent post-hypoxic response. Moreover, aging caused either no change (GST, GR and CAT) or an increase (Se-GPX, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD) in the basal activity of the enzymes analysed. Only Se-independent GPX activity decreases. However, we detected an age-dependent response of SODs to the hypoxic injury. The early and sustained Cu/Zn-SOD activity rise in adult animals became late and weak in aged animals. Meanwhile, aging slowed the Mn-SOD post-hypoxic response although this activity was consistently higher in aged rats. Aging eliminated the post-hypoxic CAT response, but, perhaps offset by increased GPX activity, did not affect the GST response and slightly reduced post-hypoxic GR activity. In conclusion, aging rise basal ROS production, does not diminish or even increase the antioxidative-enzyme activity, and may slow but does not usually eliminate the enzymatic antioxidant response to the increased post-hypoxic ROS generation.
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PMID:Aging affects but does not eliminate the enzymatic antioxidative response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in cerebral cortex. 1626 Jan 9

Valid housekeeping genes (HKG) are a prerequisite for accurate gene quantification. We performed real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to investigate the gene expression of five commonly used HKGs (beta-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], ubiquitin C [UBC], hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase [HPRT], and cyclophilin A [CYPa]) and antioxidant enzymes in the liver of young and old male Fischer rats. A wide variation in HKG expression existed during the aging process, and HPRT was identified as the most stable HKG in rat liver aging. When Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase gene expression was normalized to HPRT, there was no detectable difference between young and old rats; however, a significant difference was seen when it was normalized to UBC. The variation of UBC caused the misinterpretation of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase expression. Catalase expression was significantly decreased, whereas glutathione peroxidase expression was not altered with age. We demonstrated that HPRT was an appropriate HKG, validation of HKGs was vital for accurate quantification, and decreased catalase expression might be involved in the decline of antioxidant defenses during rat liver aging.
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PMID:Identification of valid housekeeping genes and antioxidant enzyme gene expression change in the aging rat liver. 1645 91

The antioxidant responses of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cell suspension cultures to cadmium (Cd) were investigated. Cd accumulated very rapidly in the cells and this accumulation was directly correlated with an increase in applied CdCl(2) concentration in the external medium. At 0.05mM CdCl(2), growth was stimulated, but at 0.5mM CdCl(2), the growth rate was reduced. An alteration in activated oxygen metabolism was detected by visual analysis as well as by an increase in lipid peroxidation at the higher CdCl(2) concentration. Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activity increased, particularly at the higher concentration of CdCl(2). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity was increased at the lower CdCl(2) concentration used, but could not be detected in cells growing in the higher CdCl(2) concentration after 24h of growth, whilst guaiacol peroxidase (GOPX; EC 1.11.1.7) did not show a clear response to Cd treatment. An analysis by non-denaturing PAGE followed by staining for enzyme activity, revealed one CAT isoenzyme, nine SOD isoenzymes and four GR isoenzymes. The SOD isoenzymes were differently affected by CdCl(2) treatment and one GR isoenzyme was shown to specifically respond to CdCl(2). The results suggest that the higher concentrations of CdCl(2) may lead to oxidative stress. The main response appears to be via the induction of SOD and CAT activities for the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and by the induction of GR to ensure the availability of reduced glutathione for the synthesis of Cd-binding peptides, which may also be related to the inhibition of APX activity probably due to glutathione and ascorbate depletion.
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PMID:Antioxidant metabolism of coffee cell suspension cultures in response to cadmium. 1676 93

The antioxidant responses of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cell suspension cultures to nickel (Ni) were investigated. Ni was very rapidly accumulated in the cells and the accumulation could be directly correlated with the increase of NiCl(2) concentration in the medium. At 0.05 mM NiCl(2) growth was stimulated, but at 0.5 mM NiCl(2), the growth rate was reduced. An indication of alterations in the presence of reactive oxygen species was detected by an increase in lipid peroxidation at 0.5 mM NiCl(2). Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GOPX; EC 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activities were increased, particularly at earlier NiCl(2) exposure times and the activities were higher at 0.5 mM NiCl(2) for most of exposure times tested. Non-denaturing PAGE revealed one CAT isoenzyme, nine SOD isoenzymes and four GR isoenzymes. The SOD isoenzymes were differentially affected by NiCl(2) treatment and one GR isoenzyme was increased by NiCl(2). NiCl(2) at 0.05 mM did not induce lipid peroxidation and the main response appeared to be via the induction of SOD, CAT, GOPX and APX activities for the removal of the reactive oxygen species and through the induction of GR to ensure the availability of reduced glutathione.
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PMID:Nickel elicits a fast antioxidant response in Coffea arabica cells. 1680 55

Seasonal variation of antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidases) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied in the clam Ruditapes decussatus in relation to body burdens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Clams were sampled in eight sites from the Ria Formosa lagoon. PAH concentrations were seasonally rather than spatially dependent, being higher in summer (August). Antioxidant enzymes activities and LPO levels in the clam digestive gland were also seasonally dependent. Antioxidant enzymes presented distinct seasonal variations: Mit SOD (superoxide dismutase activity measured in the mitochondrial fraction) was induced in the summer and down-regulated in winter and spring, while Cyt SOD activity (measured in the cytosolic fraction) was highest in autumn and lower in the summer. Neither Mit nor Cyt SOD were related to the clam PAH body burden, suggesting that cells are using other antioxidant systems to eliminate oxyradicals. Catalase (CAT), however, was induced in spring and down-regulated in summer, the inverse of the PAH concentrations in clam tissues. CAT induction in spring appears to be related to the excess of oxyradicals arising from the metabolic activity associated with the reproductive cycle. Conversely, the decrease in CAT activity in the summer may be related to the high water temperatures reached in the Ria Formosa (up to 30 degrees C). Glutathione peroxidases (total fraction - T-GPx and dependent on selenium - Se-GPx) presented a similar seasonal pattern, and were negatively related to PAH concentrations, which may indicate a precarious state of the clams, associated with PAH toxicity. Similarly, LPO was also inversely correlated to the PAH concentrations indicating that increases in PAH concentrations were not causing membrane oxidative damage in R. decussatus digestive gland. The results suggest that antioxidant enzymes in R. decussatus digestive gland are strongly affected by seasonal factors stressing the need of other experiments to clarify the PAHs effect on this clam species.
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PMID:Oxidative stress in the clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon body burden. 1736 72

Oxidative stress is involved in pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), a hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Frequent episodes of ischemia-reperfusion may lead to release of free radicals and enhanced lipid peroxidation reflected by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). The failure of native antioxidants (Catalase [CAT], Superoxide dismutase [SOD], and Ceruloplasmin [CP]) might be crucial in endothelial cells damage in RP. Iloprost (IL) synthetic prostacyclin analogue is currently used in the treatment of SSc patients with RP. The objectives of this study were to compare the serum levels of MDA and CP, CAT and SOD activity in red blood cells hemolysate in SSc patients compared to healthy controls; and to study the effect of 5-days IL infusions on MDA and CP levels, and CAT and SOD activity in SSc patients with RP. Twelve SSc patients were treated with 50 mug IL for 5 days. Blood samples were taken before and after day 1st and after day 5th of IL infusions. Levels of CAT were measured according to the Aebi's method; SOD, according to the Misra and Fridovich method; MDA, according to Slater's method; and CP, according to Ravin's method. Activities of CAT (p < 0.001) and SOD (p < 0.04) were significantly reduced; levels of CP (p < 0.006) and MDA (p < 0.06) were raised in SSc compared to controls. IL infusions caused reduction in MDA (p < 0.0001) levels and enhanced production of SOD (p < 0.006) and CAT (p < 0.003). The levels of CP did not change (p = 0.48). Oxidant status in SSc patients with RP is impaired. Therapy with IL led to normalization of antioxidant activity. We suggest that CAT may be a sensitive and reliable laboratory marker of oxidative stress severity in RP. We found that IL, in addition to its vasoactive properties, has a potential to activate inner antioxidant system. Activation of inner antioxidant activity may explain long-term effect of IL instead of its very short half-life time.
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PMID:Antioxidant status after iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. 1740 13

The reproductive physiology of Corynorhinus mexicanus includes a testes growth-involution cycle. Testis recrudescence begins in May-June, peaks in August and then undergoes a profound involution being totally regressed in November. Adult, male individuals were captured monthly during one year and ROS scavenging enzyme activities were measured in testes and expressed per total wet-weight and per mg protein. SOD total activity is very low from October to February; increases sharply one full month before testes recrudescence starts, and in August, when testis activity was at its peak, SOD is 3-4 times lower than in July. Catalase total activity is bimodal. The main peak of activity occurs during testicular recrudescence with an additional smaller peak, two months before the onset of recrudescence. Glutathione peroxidase total activity parallels almost exactly the testis growth cycle, increases in July, reaches a peak in August and decreases through September to almost disappear in October. SOD specific activity shows a pre-testicular increase of activity, maintains its activity from March to July and then descends drastically to almost nil in August, maintaining these low values until February. Catalase specific activity is particularly important during the period of testicular regression. GPX specific activity is low from March to July, months of testicular recrudescence; whereas its activity increases in August and peaks in November, when testes regression occurs. Our data show that ROS-scavenging enzymes may play a very important role during testes involution-recrudescence in C. mexicanus, and we believe their participation could be equally important in all seasonally breeding mammals.
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the testis of the Mexican big-eared bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus) during its annual reproductive cycle. 1748 34

Pomegranate juice (PJ) possesses a high antioxidant activity, which has been related to beneficial health properties. However, in vivo confirmation and characterization of these effects on biological systems are lacking and needed. This study was performed in order to investigate the effect of prolonged PJ ingestion on general oxidation status. For this purpose, mice ingested PJ (or water in control group) during four weeks, after which damage to lipids, proteins and DNA were evaluated as oxidative cell biomarkers. Levels of hepatic glutathione and the activities and expression of enzymes involved in its metabolism were determined. Catalase and SOD activities were quantified as these enzymes have a crucial role in antioxidant defence. Protection against protein and DNA oxidation was found in PJ group. There was also a significant decrease in GSH and GSSG, without change in the GSH/GSSG ratio. All studied enzymatic activities (GPx, GST, GR, SOD and catalase) were found to be decreased by PJ treatment. Additionally, RT-PCR results showed that GST and GS transcription were also decreased in this group. These results are compatible with a protective effect of PJ against systemic oxidative stress in mice.
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PMID:Effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice intake on hepatic oxidative stress. 1751 76


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