Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P04040 (Catalase)
 3,577 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phosphate buffer solutions of two dipeptides prevalent in striated muscle, L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and L-anserine (beta-alanyl-L-1-methylhistidine), produce active oxygen species as measured by bleaching of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO). Activity is enhanced 5-14-fold in the presence of 2-mercaptoimidazoles such as ergothioneine, carbimazole (3-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole-1-carboxylate), methimazole (2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole) and 2-mercaptoimidazole but only slightly by thiourea and dimethylthiourea. Activity is proportional to carnosine concentration and to mercaptoimidazole concentration at a fixed concentration of the second component. A variety of imidazoles closely related to carnosine and anserine are inactive, even after addition of transition metal ions. Activity is moderately increased above the pKa of the carnosine imidazole ring (pH 7.2, 7.5 and 8.0) versus below the pKa (pH 6.5 and 6.8). Activity is slightly increased by addition of copper or cobalt ions but not by addition of ferrous or ferric ions. Activity is decreased by Chelex 100 pretreatment of phosphate buffer and stimulated when copper or cobalt ions are added to the chelated buffer but there is no significant stimulation by ferric ions. Catalase eliminates most activity but superoxide dismutase has little effect. We propose that metal-carnosine and metal-anserine complexes produce superoxide and also serve as superoxide dismutases with resultant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. An unidentified radical produced from hydrogen peroxide subsequently bleaches RNO. From the biological distributions of carnosine, anserine and ergothioneine, we infer that deleterious effects are probably minimal under normal physiological circumstances due to tissue and cellular compartmentalization and to sequestration of these compounds and transition metal ions.
 ...
PMID:Copper and cobalt complexes of carnosine and anserine: production of active oxygen species and its enhancement by 2-mercaptoimidazoles. 132 55

The effects of various concentrations of dithiothreitol, molecular oxygen, and several antioxidants upon the in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum were studied. The optimal dithiothreitol concentration was between 0.65 and 1.62 mM, and the optimum oxygen concentration was 3.0% +/- 0.5% in both the presence and absence of additional antioxidants. It was discovered that the reduced sulfhydryl concentration and the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium were stabilized after 5 days. The water-soluble antioxidants cobalt chloride, cocarboxylase, mannitol, and histidine were individually tested for their ability to increase treponemal growth in vitro. The optimum concentrations for these antioxidants were 21 nM, 4.3 nM, 0.55 mM, and 0.23 mM, respectively. When combined at these concentrations, the mixture of antioxidants stimulated the in vitro replication of T. pallidum. The number of treponemes in cultures with the antioxidants averaged a 59-fold increase, compared with a 43-fold increase in cultures lacking the antioxidants. It was further demonstrated that histidine and mannitol were the most critical components of this mixture. Catalase and superoxide dismutase were investigated for their ability to promote the growth and maintain viability of T. pallidum in tissue culture. The optimum concentrations for these enzymes were 10,000 U/liter and 25,000 U/liter, respectively. When these enzymes and the above antioxidants were combined and added to a chemically reduced modified Eagle medium, the treponemes increased an average of 70-fold, compared with an average of 35-fold in cultures lacking them. Furthermore, this medium, T. pallidum culture medium, supported the replication of T. pallidum at oxygen concentrations from 5 to 7% with little loss in yield or viability. The lipid-soluble antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E acetate were also shown to enhance the in vitro growth of T. pallidum in this medium.
 ...
PMID:Effects of molecular oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and antioxidants upon in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. 228 17

The lung toxicity of a carbide-cobalt mixture is more important than that of each individual component; the mechanism of this interaction is not understood. The capacity of cobalt metal particles alone and mixed with different carbides to generate hydroxyl radicals was examined with the deoxyribose assay. In a chemical system, cobalt ions and cobalt metal particles (Co) were found to catalyse the degradation of deoxyribose in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Carbides were able to directly oxidize deoxyribose, but their respective activities did not support such a mechanism to explain the carbide-cobalt interactive toxicity, since there was no direct relationship between deoxyribose degradation ability and cytotoxicity toward macrophages. Tungsten, niobium, titanium and chromium carbides (interactive carbides) were only weak oxidants and conversely molybdenum, vanadium and silicon carbides (non-interactive carbides) were the most potent ones. The ability of cobalt metal to produce hydroxyl radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was not increased by tungsten carbide. The role of reactive radical formation in the toxicity of these particles was further assessed in a macrophage culture model. Catalase (4000 U/ml), superoxide dismutase (300 U/ml), sodium azide (1 mM), sodium benzoate, mannitol, taurine and methionine (all 20 mM) were all unable to protect against the cytotoxic effects of cobalt ions and cobalt metal alone or mixed with tungsten carbide. In conclusion, no evidence was found that production of reactive oxygen species contributes to the elective toxicity of carbide-cobalt mixtures.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of the role of reactive oxygen species in the interactive toxicity of carbide-cobalt mixtures on macrophages in culture. 839 91

Electron spin resonance spin trapping was utilized to investigate free radical generation from cobalt (Co) mediated reactions using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline (DMPO) as a spin trap. A mixture of Co with water in the presence of DMPO generated 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-(2)-oxy(1) DMPOX, indicating the production of strong oxidants. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the mixture produced hydroxyl radical (.OH). Catalase eliminated the generation of this radical and metal chelators, such as desferoxamine, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or 1,10-phenanthroline, decreased it. Addition of Fe(II) resulted in a several fold increase in the .OH generation. UV and O2 consumption measurements showed that the reaction of Co with water consumed molecular oxygen and generated Co(II). Since reaction of Co(II) with H2O2 did not generate any significant amount of .OH radicals, a Co(I) mediated Fenton-like reaction [Co(I) + H2O2-->Co(II) + .OH + OH-] seems responsible for .OH generation. H2O2 is produced from O2.- via dismutation, O2.- is produced by one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen catalyzed by Co. Chelation of Co(II) by biological chelators, such as glutathione or beta-ananyl-3-methyl-L-histidine alters, its oxidation-reduction potential and makes Co(II) capable of generating .OH via a Co(II)-mediated Fenton-like reaction [Co(II) + H2O2-->Co(III) + .OH + OH-]. Thus, the reaction of Co with water, especially in the presence of biological chelators, glutathione, glycylglycylhistidine and beta-ananyl-3-methyl-L-histidine, is capable of generating a whole spectrum of reactive oxygen species, which may be responsible for Co-induced cell injury.
 ...
PMID:Cobalt-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species and its possible mechanism. 972 Mar 10

Evidence is provided that the amplifiers luminol and lucigenin react with different reactive oxygen species (ROS), depending on the ROS-generating system used. H2O2 is used to produce calibration curves for luminol- and lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence. With this chemiluminescence generator we characterized the specificity and sensitivity of luminol- and lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence and also studied penicillin G, a known enhancer of luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. The combination of luminol and lucigenin in reciprocally changing concentrations is effective in an additive manner, but the weak amplifier penicillin increases luminol-amplified chemiluminescence distinctly more than in an additive manner in different combinations. Lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence is increased by penicillin at about 1% of the optimum concentration of penicillin; increasing concentrations of penicillin are less and less effective. On the other hand, low lucigenin concentrations enhance penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence at optimum penicillin concentrations more than in an additive manner. Fe2+ does not alter luminol-, lucigenin- or penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence. Co2+ increases luminol-amplified chemiluminescence by a factor of 100. Lucigenin- and penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence are minimally enhanced by Co2+. Cu2+ enhances luminol-amplified chemiluminescence with increasing concentrations by a factor of 1000. Lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence increases also by the factor of 1000, but the concentration-reaction curve is not as steep. NaOCl enhances H2O2/Fe(2+)-driven luminol-amplified chemiluminescence in a concentration-dependent manner by a factor of 10(4) (in the highest concentration of 10 mmol/L) and lucigenin amplified chemiluminescence only by a factor of about 25. Catalase (CAT) abolishes luminol-, lucigenin- and penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence completely, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) has no effect on luminol- or penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence, but enhances lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence five-fold increasingly with increasing SOD activity.
 ...
PMID:What do we measure with luminol-, lucigenin- and penicillin-amplified chemiluminescence? 1. Investigations with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. 992 63

Cobalt octa-4,5-carboxyphthalocyanine propylenglycol ether proposed for antitumor therapy potentiates the cytotoxic effect of ascorbate on HL-60 human leukemia cells. Combination of these substances caused the formation of H2O2 in the medium and initiated apoptotic death of cells. Catalase abolished the cytotoxic effect of this combination. The results indicate that binary catalytic system of this combination can be regarded as a potential antitumor agent.
 ...
PMID:Apoptotic death of human lympholeukemia HL-60 cells resultant from combined effect of cobalt octa-4,5-carboxyphthalocyanine propylenglycol ether and ascorbate. 1684 38

Catalase (antioxidant enzyme) activity in erythrocytes and serum levels of trace elements (copper, iron, zinc), heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt) and vitamins A (retinol), D (cholecalciferol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) were measured in 145 subjects comprising 47 pre-eclamptic pregnant women (PE), 48 healthy pregnant women (HP) and 50 healthy non-pregnant controls (NP). Catalase, vitamins A, D and E and levels of cobalt were significantly lower in the PE group compared with the HP and NP groups, whereas levels of copper, iron and cadmium were significantly higher in the PE group than in the HP and NP groups. Levels of zinc were significantly lower in both the PE and HP groups compared with the NP group. This assessment of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in pregnant women could be useful in the early identification of pre-eclampsia and antioxidant supplementation in the early weeks of gestation might be useful.
 ...
PMID:Catalase activity, serum trace element and heavy metal concentrations, and vitamin A, D and E levels in pre-eclampsia. 1909 44

It was demonstrated that ascorbate-cobalt phthalocyanine complex produces a time-dependent nuclease effect on leukemia K-562 cells is. Catalase added to the incubation medium prevented or blocked fragmentation of cell DNA. The size of large-scale fragments formed during irradiation and exposure to the above system varied from 2200 to 30 kbp. The fragments induced by the system recombined slower than the fragments induced by g-irradiation in a dose adequate by the level of DNA damage. This effect observed previously in HEp-2 carcinoma cells exposed to the action of the B12b+C vitamin system can be explained by generation of H(2)O(2) inducing more severe damage to DNA structure than gamma-radiation due to site-specific Fenton reaction.
 ...
PMID:Generators of reactive oxygen forms gamma-irradiation and ascorbic acid--cobalt metallocomplexes induced large-scale fragmentation and reparation of DNA in tumor cells. 1914 91

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthetized and studied to be incorporated in many industrial and medical applications in recent decades. Due to their different physical and chemical properties compared with bulk materials, researchers are focused to understand their interactions with the surroundings. Living organisms such as plants are exposed to these materials and they are able to tolerate different concentrations and types of NPs. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) NPs are being studied for their application in medical sciences because of their high coercivity, anisotropy, and large magnetostriction. These properties are desirable in magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery, and cell labeling. This study is aimed to explore the tolerance of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants to CoFe2O4 NPs. Tomato plants were grown in hydroponic media amended with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in a range from 0 to 1000mgL(-1). Exposure to CoFe2O4 NPs did not affect germination and growth of plants. Uptake of Fe and Co inside plant tissues increased as CoFe2O4 nanoparticle concentration was increased in the media. Mg uptake in plant leaves reached its maximum level of 4.9mgg(-1) DW (dry weight) at 125mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs exposure and decreased at high CoFe2O4 NPs concentrations. Similar pattern was observed for Ca uptake in leaves where the maximum concentration found was 10mgg(-1) DW at 125mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs exposure. Mn uptake in plant leaves was higher at 62.5mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs compared with 125 and 250mgL(-1) treatments. Catalase activity in tomato roots and leaves decreased in plants exposed to CoFe2O4 NPs. Tomato plants were able to tolerate CoFe2O4 NPs concentrations up to 1000mgL(-1) without visible toxicity symptoms. Macronutrient uptake in plants was affected when plants were exposed to 250, 500 and 1000mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs.
...
PMID:Effect of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles on the growth and development of Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomato plants). 2680 83

We present first evidence showing that some electrophoretically homogeneous IgGs from the sera of patients with schizophrenia (36.4%) and their Fab and F(ab)2 fragments as well as from healthy donors (33.3%) possess catalase activity. The relative catalase activity of IgGs from the sera of individual schizophrenia patients (and healthy donors) significantly varied from patient to patient, but the activity of IgGs from healthy donors is on average 15.8-fold lower than that for schizophrenia patients. After extensive dialysis of purified IgGs against EDTA chelating metal ions, the relative catalase activity of IgGs decreases on average approximately 2.5-3.7-fold; all IgGs possess metal-dependent and independent catalase activity. The addition of external Me2+ ions to dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs leads to a significant increase in their activity. The best activator of dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs is Co2+, the activation by Cu2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+ ions were rare and always lower than by Co2+. Every IgG preparation demonstrates several individual sets of very well expressed pH optima in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.5. These data speak for the individual repertoire of catalase IgGs in every person and an extreme diversity of abzymes in their pH optima and activation by different metal ions. It is known that antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases represent critical defense mechanisms preventing oxidative modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. Catalase activity of human IgGs could probably also play a major role in the protection of organisms from oxidative stress and toxic compounds.
 ...
PMID:Catalase activity of IgG antibodies from the sera of healthy donors and patients with schizophrenia. 2894 59


1 2 Next >>