UNIPROT:P04040 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P04040 (Catalase)
3,577 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is considerable interest in the role of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical (HER) in the toxic effects of ethanol. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of HER on classical antioxidant enzymes. The interaction of acetaldehyde with hydroxylamine-o-sulfonic acid has been shown to produce 1, 1'-dihydroxyazoethane (DHAE); this compound appears to be highly unstable, and its decomposition leads to the generation of HER. Addition of DHAE into a solution of PBN led to the appearance of the typical EPR spectra of PBN/HER adduct. No PBN/HER spin adduct was detected when DHAE was incubated with 0.1 M PBN in the presence of GSH. In the absence of PBN, DHAE oxidized ascorbic acid to semidehydroascorbyl radical, presumably via an ascorbate-dependent one-electron reduction of HER back to ethanol. Catalase was progressively inactivated by exposure to DHAE-generated HER in a time and HER concentration-dependent manner. Ascorbic acid and PBN gave full protection to catalase against HER-dependent inactivation. The antioxidants 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, propylgallate, and alpha-tocopherol-protected catalase against inactivation by 84, 88, and 39%, respectively. Other antioxidant enzymes were also sensitive to exposure to HER. Glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were inactivated by 46, 36, and 39%, respectively, by HER. The results reported here plus previous results showing HER interacts with GSH, ascorbate, and alpha-tocopherol suggest that prolonged generation of HER in cells from animals chronically exposed to ethanol may lower the antioxidant defense status, thereby contributing to mechanisms by which ethanol produces a state of oxidative stress and produces toxicity.
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PMID:Interaction of 1-hydroxyethyl radical with antioxidant enzymes. 1060 Jan 75

Over the last decade, much evidence has emerged to suggest that alterations in maternal nutrition during pregnancy may irreversibly affect aspects of physiological and biochemical functions in the fetus. This study was designed to determine the mechanisms involved in these alterations. Our hypothesis was that the type of maternal dietary fat received in early life could determine the level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL; EC 3.1.1.34) activity and gene expression which would be maintained into later life. A diet high in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids was predicted to be associated with higher levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and expression and lower levels of plasma triglyceride after a high fat meal challenge. Using a 2x2 factorial design, Wistar Albino rats were pair-fed either a fish oil diet (50 g/kg) or a mixed oil diet (50 g/kg) for the last 2 wk of gestation, during lactation and pups were fed these diets until 5 wk of age. After 5 wk, the rats were fed nonpurified diet. The rats were killed at 5 wk (young) or 10 wk (adult) of age after a mixed oil (50 g/kg) test meal. There were significant age effects on plasma triglyceride (P<0.02), cholesterol (P<0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) (P<0.001) and liver glutathione reductase activity (P<0.05) which were all higher in the young rats compared to the adults. There were significant effects of diet on triglyceride (P<0.001), cholesterol (P<0.001) and LPL mRNA levels (P<0.001). GIP and triglyceride levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.66; P<0.001). Omental adipose tissue LPL activity as significantly higher in the fish-oil fed groups compared to the other groups (P<0.001), whereas Epididymal adipose tissue LPL mRNA was significantly higher in the mixed oil-fed adults compared to the other groups (P<0.001). The latter result suggested an imprinting effect of fatty acid composition in early life on LPL gene expression. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was affected by age and diet and was higher in the young than in the adults and higher in the fish oil-fed young than in those fed the mixed oil-fed (P<0.005). Catalase activity was also affected by age (P<0.001) and diet (P<0.001), and there was a significant interaction between age and diet (P<0.001). Catalase activity was higher in rats fed fish oils at both stages of development, suggesting that feeding fish oils to rats in early life raises oxidative stress throughout life. The majority of the significant differences shown were between the age groups and not between the two dietary groups, suggesting that postprandial handling of a standard fat meal is affected more by age than by early dietary fatty acid composition. However, the mechanisms of biological imprinting of fatty acids on LPL expression and on enzymes related to oxidative stress requires more investigation.
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PMID:Maternal and early dietary fatty acid intake: changes in lipid metabolism and liver enzymes in adult rats. 1072 Jan 61

While programmed cell death is induced by a variety of internal and external stimuli, including reactive oxygen species, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 is involved in opposing cell death and affects the antioxidant status of cells. Since the exact mechanism of its action is uncertain, in this study we examined the role of Bcl-2 using a loss of function model, Bcl-2 knockout mice. The consequence of Bcl-2 knockout was assessed in kidneys, liver and brain, using protein carbonyls and cellular levels of antioxidant enzymes as markers of oxidative stress. Kidney extracts from 8 days-old Bcl-2-knockout mice had 59% higher content of protein carbonyls relative to the wild type, but similar levels of oxidized proteins at the age of 30 days. By marked contrast, in liver and brain, levels of protein carbonyls were similar at 8 days but by 30 days the liver of knockout animals (and brains, as we have shown previously) show 36% higher protein carbonyls. Measures of glutathione reductase (GRX), glutathione transferase (GST) and catalase revealed significantly higher levels in kidneys of 8 days old Bcl-2-knockout mice compared to wild type. By 30 days activities of glutathione-related enzymes and catalase increased and abolished the differences between the knockout and wild type. At 8 days, in liver there were no significant differences in activities of all enzymes between the mice, however by 30 days, the specific activity of GRX was significantly higher in Bcl-2-knockout mice, relative to controls. From day 8 to day 30 there was an increase in liver catalase activity that resulted in significantly higher levels in Bcl-2-knockout animals. Catalase activity in brains of Bcl-2-knockout, 8 days old mice was significantly higher compared to the wild type, and significantly lowers at 30 days. Taken together our findings indicate that Bcl-2 knockout results in significant perturbations of oxidative metabolism and antioxidant status of in kidney, liver and brain. Such changes are tissue specific with respect to age, magnitude and type of enzyme affected.
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PMID:Developmental changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in kidneys, liver and brain of bcl-2 knockout mice. 1072 70

Effect of repeated oral administration of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 and 30 days) on the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation (LPX) of rat cerebral hemisphere (CH) was evaluated. The level of LPX was elevated after 7 days of treatment in crude homogenate (endogenous and FeSO(4)- and ascorbic acid-stimulated) and subcellular fractions except the nuclear fraction in which induction was seen after 30 days. The pesticide elicited a significant decrease in the activities of cytosolic total and CN(-)-sensitive superoxide dismutase (SOD) after 7 and 30 days of HCH treatment, but failed to evoke any change in CN(-)-resistant SOD. Catalase activity decreased throughout the treatment period. Cerebral glutathione peroxidase activity (both selenium-dependent and -independent isoenzymes) and the level of glutathione content were decreased after 7 and 30 days of treatment, respectively. Activity of glutathione reductase and content of ascorbic acid, however, were enhanced following the pesticide exposure. The results suggest that repeated HCH administration induced oxidative stress in rat CH.
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PMID:Mediation of oxidative stress in HCH-induced neurotoxicity in rat. 1079 Apr 96

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping measurements provide evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (*OH) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor. Catalase inhibited the *OH generation, while the addition of H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the *OH radical generation involves a Fenton-like reaction. The metal chelator, deferoxamine, inhibited the *OH generation with a concomitant generation of a deferoxamine nitroxide radical. EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline also inhibited the *OH generation. Experiments performed under argon atmosphere decreased the yield of the *OH formation, showing that molecular oxygen plays a critical role. ESR spin trapping and measurements of fluorescence change of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase show that reduction of Cr(VI) by GSSG-R/NADPH generates superoxide anion radicals (O2*-) as well as H2O2. It can be concluded that *OH radical is generated by the reaction of H2O2 with Cr(V), which is produced by enzymatic one-electron reduction of Cr(VI). H2O2 is produced by the reduction of molecular oxygen via O2*- as an intermediate. The *OH radicals generated by these reactions are capable of causing DNA strand breaks, which can be inhibited by catalase, formate, and experiments performed under argon.
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PMID:Role of molecular oxygen in the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals during enzymatic Cr(VI) reduction and its implication to Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. 1090 8

The distribution of antioxidants between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of maize leaves was analysed in plants grown at 20 degrees C, 18 degrees C and 15 degrees C. The purity of the isolated bundle sheath and mesophyll fractions was determined using compartment-specific marker enzymes. In plants grown at 15 degrees C, ascorbate peroxidase, CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities were increased in the bundle sheath cells, and glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities were enhanced in the mesophyll cells. SOD was absent from the mesophyll of plants grown at 20 degrees C but an Fe-SOD activity was found in the mesophyll of plants grown at 15 degrees C. Foliar Mn-SOD activities were decreased at 15 degrees C compared to 20 degrees C. Catalase was undetectable in the mesophyll extracts of plants grown at 15 degrees C. Ascorbate and glutathione contents were considerably higher in the mesophyll than the bundle sheath fractions of plants grown at 20 degrees C. The ratios of reduced to oxidized forms of these antioxidants were significantly decreased in the bundle sheath, but increased in the mesophyll of leaves grown at 15 degrees C. Foliar H2O2 accumulated at 15 degrees C compared to 20 degrees C. Most of the foliar H2O2 was localized in the mesophyll tissues at all growth temperatures. The differential distribution of antioxidants between leaf bundle sheath and mesophyll tissues, observed at 20 degrees C, is even more pronounced when plants are grown at 15 degrees C and may contribute to the extreme sensitivity of maize to low temperatures.
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PMID:Low temperature-induced changes in the distribution of H2O2 and antioxidants between the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of maize leaves. 1093 1

The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of supplementary vitamin-E (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg feed) on lipid peroxidation (LPX) and antioxidant defence system in gills and hepatopancreas of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Results indicated that vitamin-E inhibited LPX in the hepatopancreas in a comparatively lower dose than gills. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased significantly in gills in response to all the three supplemented diet, but in hepatopancreas decrease was observed only in response to higher doses of vitamin-E (400 and 600 mg/kg feed). Catalase (CAT) activity was reduced significantly only in gills but not in hepatopancreas. While glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was significantly elevated in the hepatopancreas by vitamin-E, its activity remains unaltered in gills. On the contrary, glutathione reductase (GR) activity was decreased in gills but that of hepatopancreas was constant. Glutathione (GSH) content of both gills and hepatopancreas was substantially elevated in the vitamin-E supplemented prawns. Although the ascorbic acid (ASA) content of gills was unchanged by vitamin-E, its level elevated significantly in hepatopancreas. Thus the findings of the present investigation suggest that dietary vitamin-E is capable of reducing LPX level and can modulate antioxidant defence system in gills and hepatopancreas, nevertheless, the response is highly tissue specific. It is further observed that highest dose of vitamin-E (600 mg/kg feed) could not render much additional protection in both the tissues.
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PMID:Dietary vitamin-E modulates antioxidant defence system in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 1108 17

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) pose a serious threat to maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. However, there is little information on the oxidative damage caused by ROS and its protection during prenatal life. The present study highlights the status of various antioxidants in human placental and fetal tissues at different phases of gestation. The activity profile of scavenging enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase as well as the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, bilirubin and glutathione have been determined in human placental whole homogenate, placental brush border membrane and fetal liver over gestational periods ranging from 6 weeks of pregnancy till birth. The ontogenic profile of lipid peroxidation, a marker of oxidative damage has also been investigated in the feto-placental system. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities increased significantly, but glutathione peroxidase activity remained almost the same throughout development. Except alpha-tocopherol and bilirubin, the concentrations of other non-enzymic scavengers followed a significant increasing trend with advancement of pregnancy. Results indicate that there is gradual suppression of lipoperoxide formation with the progress of gestation to protect the fetus against oxygen toxicity.
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PMID:Ontogenic profile of some antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in human placental and fetal tissues. 1120 45

The Syrian hamster Harderian gland, a juxtaorbital organ exhibiting marked gender-associated differences in contents of porphyrins and melatonin, was used as a model system for comparing strong (in females) and moderate (in males) physiological oxidative stress. Histological differences showing much higher cell damage in females were studied in conjunction with lipid peroxidation and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities were measured throughout the circadian cycle, revealing the importance of dynamical processes in oxidative stress. Especially in lipid peroxidation and in catalase, short-lasting rises exhibited strongest gender differences. Peaks of lipid peroxidation were about three times higher in females, compared to males. Catalase peaks of females exceeded those in males by several hundred-fold. Average levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were about three or two times higher in females, respectively. A clear-cut diurnally peaking rhythm was found in glutathione peroxidase of females, which was not apparent in males. Glutathione reductase showed differences in time patterns, but less in average activities. The time courses of lipid peroxidation and of protective enzymes are not explained by circulating melatonin, whereas melatonin formed in the Harderian gland should contribute to differences in average levels. Neither damage nor antioxidative defense simply reflect the illumination cycle and are, therefore, not only a consequence of photoreactions.
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PMID:Physiological oxidative stress model: Syrian hamster Harderian gland-sex differences in antioxidant enzymes. 1127 78

To investigate the antioxidant responses of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to cadmium (Cd) treatment, seedlings of a tolerant variety were grown in increasing concentrations of CdCl(2), ranging from 0.25-1 mM, for up to 72 h in a hydroponic system. Analysis of Cd uptake indicated that most of the Cd accumulated in the roots, but some was also translocated and accumulated in the leaves, especially at the higher concentrations of Cd used in the experiments. Roots and leaves were analysed for catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities. Catalase and glutathione reductase activities increased considerably in the roots and leaves after 24 h exposure to the metal, indicating a direct correlation with Cd accumulation. The analysis of native PAGE enzyme activity staining, revealed several superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in leaves, with the two predominant isoenzymes exhibiting increases in activity in response to Cd treatment. The results suggest that in radish, the activity of antioxidant enzymes responds to Cd treatment. The main response may be via the activation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle for the removal of hydrogen peroxide, or to ensure the availability of glutathione for the synthesis of Cd-binding proteins.
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PMID:Antioxidant enzymes responses to cadmium in radish tissues. 1139 37

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