Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P02794 (ferritin)
 17,525 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This exploratory substudy of The Iron (Fe) and Atherosclerosis Study (FeAST) compared baseline inflammatory markers, including cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin, in subjects with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) taking statins with subjects with PAD who were not taking statins. Inflammatory markers in the serum of 47 subjects with PAD not taking statins and a healthy cohort of 21 medication-free men were compared with 53 PAD subjects taking statins at entry to the FeAST. Healthy subjects demonstrated lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-R1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CRP. TNF-alpha R1 averaged 2.28 ng/mL versus 3.52 ng/mL, p = .0025; IL-6 averaged 4.24 pg/mL versus 16.61 pg/mL, p = .0008; and CRP averaged 0.58 mg/dL versus 0.92 mg/dL, p = .0192. A higher level of IL-6 was observed in PAD statin takers versus PAD subjects not taking statins: 19.47 pg/mL versus 13.24 pg/mL, p = .0455. As expected, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were lower in the statin-treated group, p = .0006 and p = .0001, respectively. No significant differences in inflammatory cytokines were detected for varying doses of simvastatin. Additionally, no significant differences in inflammatory biomedical markers were found in subjects with PAD alone compared with those with concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). Unexpectedly, serum inflammatory cytokine IL-6 levels were significantly higher in PAD subjects receiving statins. There was no difference in measured inflammatory markers in PAD subjects with concomitant CAD.
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PMID:Statins and biomarkers in claudicants with peripheral arterial disease: cross-sectional study. 1702 9

Cytokines have not been employed in clinical laboratory tests because of the many biological activities of individual cytokines and too complicated cytokine network. However, abnormal laboratory data and symptoms can be interpreted by blood cytokine levels. [Cytokines attributable to abnormal data and symptoms] For example, cytokines attributable to abnormal data and symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis are as follows: joint pain: TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-18; general fatigue and appetite loss: TNFalpha and IL-1; leukocytosis: G-CSF produced by IL-1-stimulated macrophages etc; thrombocytosis: megakaryocyte potentiating activity of IL-6; anemia: hepcidin up-regulated by IL-6, which inhibits iron absorption from the intestine, and IL-1, which decreases the blood iron level and promotes ferritin synthesis. [Differential diagnosis using blood cytokine levels] Blood cytokine levels are useful and important in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory disorders such as neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and especially in distinguishing tumoral fever from infectious fever in malignant lymphomas. [Disease/disorder-specific cytokines] In recent years, disease- or disorder specific cytokines have been identified, making cytokines more important in clinical use. For example, IL-18 for adult-onset Still disease; IFNgamma for hemophagocytic syndrome; IL-5 for allergic disorders; thrombopoietin for immune thrombocytopenic purpura; vascular endothelial growth factor for POEMS syndrome; PTH-rP for malignancy associated hypercalcemia. [Flow cytometric measurement of cytokines] Recently, a flow cytometric method has been developed in addition to ELISA. With this method, 30 cytokine concentrations can be measured simultaneously within four hours with a wide range of detection limit and high cost performance. Cytokines will be included in laboratory tests with this method.
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PMID:[Blood cytokine levels as a clinical laboratory test]. 1744 72

Patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis present with fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and an elevated aspartate transaminase level. Clinical and histopathologic features of severe disease suggest macrophage activation. Twenty-nine patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis had higher ferritin, interleukin-10, interleukin-12 p70, and interferon- gamma levels than did control subjects matched for age and sex; severity correlated with triglyceride, ferritin, and interleukin-12 p70 levels. Several severely affected patients had cases that fulfilled macrophage activation syndrome diagnostic criteria. Macrophage activation and excessive cytokine production may belie tissue injury associated with Ananplasma phagocytophilum infection.
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PMID:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and macrophage activation. 1757 79

House dust mites provide well-characterized proteins to study human responses to inhaled antigens. Even in the absence of allergy they induce a high frequency of T cell precursors. The healthy response manifests by T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines with little antibody. Responses of allergic people include Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 antibodies. Regulatory cells limit effector responses in healthy people. About half the IgE and IgG antibodies bind the group 1 and 2 allergens and 30% bind the group 4, 5, and 7 allergens. Although HLA independent, the recognition of the group 1 allergen shows an immunodominant region and a T cell receptor bias. The major allergens are not produced in higher amounts than many of the poorly non-allergenic proteins. The non-allergenic mite ferritin antigen shows high T cell proliferative responses with mixed cytokine production.
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PMID:T and B cell responses to HDM allergens and antigens. 1787 3

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common form of diabetes that constitutes the majority of cases worldwide including Egypt. Chronic elevated glucose level in DM increases monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells (ECs) which is mediated primarily through induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8). This study aimed to investigate the possible role of IL-8 as a potent chemoattractant, pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immuno-inflammatory response of type II diabetic patients in correlation to ferritin and sTFR as markers of glucose homeostasis that characterizes the disease. The current work was conducted on 20 diabetic females and 10 healthy age and sex matching subjects as a group of control. Serum levels of IL-8, ferritin and sTFR were measured in all study subjects under investigation. Results revealed that both serum levels of IL-8 and ferritin were significantly elevated in type II diabetic patients (P = 0.0029 and 0.03 respectively) compared with those of control group while no significant difference was detected between sTFR levels in diabetic patient and control groups. In addition, a significant positive correlation was detected (P = 0.032) between serum levels of IL-8 and sTFR of the studied diabetic patient group. In conclusion, quantitative determination of IL-8, ferritin and sTFR could help in predicting type II diabetes-associated immuno-inflammatory manifestations characterize the micro-and macrovascular disease complications, particularly for high risk populations.
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PMID:Interleukin-8, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors in type II diabetes mellitus. 1797 47

Mitochondria are involved in the development of organ failure in critical care diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction are not clear yet. Inducible hemoxygenase (HO-1), a member of the heat shock protein family, is upregulated in critical care diseases and considered to confer cytoprotection against oxidative stress. However, one of the products of HO-1 is Fe2+ which multiplies the damaging potential of reactive oxygen species catalyzing Fenton reaction. The aim of this study was to clarify the relevance of free iron metabolism to the oxidative damage of the liver in endotoxic shock and its impact on mitochondrial function. Endotoxic shock in rats was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 8 mg/kg (i.v.). We observed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and the liver necrosis marker aspartate aminotransferase were increased in blood, confirming inflammatory response to LPS and damage to liver tissue, respectively. The levels of free iron in the liver were significantly increased at 4 and 8 h after onset of endotoxic shock, which did not coincide with the decrease of transferrin iron levels in the blood, but rather with expression of the inducible form of heme oxygenase (HO-1). The proteins important for sequestering free iron (ferritin) and the export of iron out of the cells (ferroportin) were downregulated facilitating the accumulation of free iron in cells. The temporarily increased concentration of free iron in the liver correlated with the temporary impairment of both mitochondrial function and tissue ATP levels. Addition of exogenous iron ions to mitochondria isolated from control animals resulted in an impairment of mitochondrial respiration similar to that observed in endotoxic shock in vivo. Our data suggest that free iron released by HO-1 causes mitochondrial dysfunction in pathological situations accompanied by endotoxic shock.
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PMID:A novel endotoxin-induced pathway: upregulation of heme oxygenase 1, accumulation of free iron, and free iron-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. 1798 71

Neonatal disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection with acute liver failure (ALF) and neonatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are severe diseases. We recently experienced a male infant with HLH and ALF induced by HSV type 1 (HSV-1). The infant, born at 39 weeks of gestation by normal delivery, developed a fever on day 4. On day 9, laboratory investigations showed progressive liver dysfunction and coagulopathy, and the serum ferritin was excessively elevated. Furthermore, the blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and interferon-gamma were also elevated. HSV-1 DNA was detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid by the real-time PCR method. A diagnosis of HLH was established based upon the following criteria: fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia (two cell lines), serum ferritin (> 500 mug/l) and hypofibrinogenemia (< 150 mg/dl). High-dose acyclovir therapy, steroid pulse therapy using methylprednisolone, high-dose gamma globulin therapy and a blood transfusion were given. The patient recovered without neurological deficit. Neonatal disseminated HSV infections may be complicated by the development of HLH and hypercyokinemia. If HLH is suspected, not only high-dose acyclovir therapy but also anti-cytokine therapy should be considered.
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PMID:Successful treatment of neonatal herpes simplex-type 1 infection complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and acute liver failure. 1821 81

Hepcidin is a principal iron regulatory hormone and its expression is stimulated by cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of the prohormone form of hepcidin, pro-hepcidin, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The study included 72 RA and 28 SLE patients and 33 healthy controls (HC). Serum iron status, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and pro-hepcidin levels were determined. Pro-hepcidin levels in the RA group was higher than SLE and HC groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively). Pro-hepcidin levels did not correlate with disease activity scores, cytokine levels and serum iron status in the RA and SLE groups, while it correlated with TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ferritin levels in the HC group (r = 0.459, p < 0.01, r = 0.374, p < 0.05, r = -0.603, p < 0.01, respectively). Pro-hepcidin levels show extremely wide variations within the groups as do iron status and cytokines. Despite these wide variations correlation analysis do not reveal anything.
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PMID:Serum pro-hepcidin levels in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 1827 47

We characterized the anemia in monkey collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to evaluate whether this model is useful to analyze the basis of an anemia of inflammatory diseases. Cynomolgus monkey was immunized with bovine type II collagen on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were collected regularly and hematological parameters, biochemical parameters and cytokine levels were monitored. Red blood cell (RBC) counts, hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb) gradually decreased after immunization and reached the bottom on day 35. CRP rose rapidly after first immunization and reached a peak on day 21. Serum iron levels and transferrin (Tf) saturation were dropped after immunization and reached a bottom on day 28. Thereafter it returned to normal. On the other hand, ferritin levels increased after immunization. IL-6 levels showed positive correlation with CRP, and negative correlation with Hb, RBC counts and serum iron, but TNFalpha did not show any correlation. In conclusion, the anemia in monkey CIA is very similar to human anemia of inflammatory diseases concerning the changes of serum parameters. And our data strongly suggest that IL-6 is an essential cytokine for the development of the anemia in monkey CIA.
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PMID:Anemia in monkey collagen-induced arthritis is correlated with serum IL-6, but not TNFalpha. 1830 90

Anemia is a well-established infection-associated immunopathological feature of trypanosomiasis and the degree of the anemia is a reliable indicator of the severity of infection. Since infections with trypanosomes triggers a strong cytokine production and a type I immune response, the trypanosome-elicited anemia may be type I cytokine driven. This type of anemia termed anemia of chronic disease is characterized by an imbalance between erythrophagocytosis and erythropoiesis that is linked to a perturbed iron homeostasis including altered iron recycling by macrophages and iron sequestration. To further unravel the mechanisms underlying trypanosome-elicited anemia the expression profile of genes involved in erythrophagocytosis, uptake of iron-containing complexes and iron homeostasis was performed during the acute and chronic phase of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in a murine model. The results suggest that liver-associated erythrophagocytosis mediated by cytokine-activated macrophages (M1 cells) is the most likely main initiating event of aggressive anemia during the acute phase of infection. Persistence of strong type I cytokine production during the chronic phase of infection leads to hyper-activated M1 cells and a more progressive anemia. RT-PCR analysis of liver tissue demonstrates a strong increase of cell surface receptors involved in uptake of RBC and iron-containing compounds. For genes involved in iron processing we found an increase of ferroportin-1 (FPN-1), transferrin (Tf) and ceruloplasmin (CP) only in the acute phase, suggesting that export of iron is hampered in the chronic phase of infection. Our results suggest that in the chronic phase of trypanosomiasis, the iron-processing pathway is skewed towards iron sequestration, as evidenced by increased ferritin expression, while enhanced uptake of RBC/iron-containing compounds is maintained.
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PMID:Role of iron homeostasis in trypanosomiasis-associated anemia. 1892 97


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