Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P02794 (ferritin)
 17,525 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Norplant consists of 6 soft plastic capsules placed in the subcutaneous tissue on the inside of the upper arm which release levonorgestrel continuously over 5 years to prevent pregnancy. Health workers use an aseptic technique to insert the capsules within 0.5 cm of the incision. Scar tissue increases removal time to twice that of insertion time. The 1st year pregnancy rate is 0.2%. Body weight affects the cumulative 5-year pregnancy rate: 0.2% for 50 kg women, 3.4-5% for 50-69 kg women, and 8.5 for 70 kg women. It rises remarkably in the 3rd year. Women find the advantages to be, in order of importance, ease of use, effectiveness, long duration, reversibility, and arm placement. The most common misconception about Norplant is it causes cancer or sterility. Both before insertion and during the early months after insertion, family planning providers must thoroughly explain Norplant and stress how it is different from other contraceptive methods. 1 study reveals that the 1-year continuation rate for women who undergo careful preinsertion counseling is greater than it is for women who do not receive effective counseling (88% vs. 60%). The leading side effect is abnormal bleeding patterns. Even though bleeding patterns change, hemoglobin or ferritin levels do not decrease. In women who experience no bleeding, providers must conduct a urinary human chorionic gonadotropin test at 4-6 weeks. If the test reveal no pregnancy, they need to explain to the women that this is normal. Abnormal bleeding patterns improve with increased duration of Norplant use. Women who need to be carefully monitored or should not use Norplant are those with impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, impaired liver function, premenstrual symptoms, and history of depression. The ideal candidate is a woman who has used oral contraceptives (OCs) with no side effects yet forgets to take them daily, has contraindications for estrogen, or has estrogenic side effects from OCs.
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PMID:Who is a candidate for Norplant? 161 60

The effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (DMPA), levonorgestrel subdermal implant (Norplant), copper-containing intrauterine devices (copper IUD), and Chinese stainless steel ring IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin were studied in 18-40-year-old, nonpregnant, and nonlactating women in seven countries (Bangladesh, Chile, China, the Dominican Republic, Pakistan, Thailand, and Tunisia). Data from 2507 women were analyzed. The study had a cross-sectional component in which 1295 current users of the contraceptive methods were compared with 1212 women initiating use of contraceptives. The results of this component showed that the current users of hormonal contraceptive methods generally had higher hemoglobin and ferritin levels than the noncontraceptors. The differences between women using hormonal contraceptive and noncontraceptors in mean values for hemoglobin varied between 3 and 6 g/L and for ferritin between 2 and 18 g/L. The current users of copper IUD had higher hemoglobin levels (difference in mean levels of 3 g/L), but lower ferritin levels (difference of 10 g/L) than noncontraceptors. Current use of the stainless steel ring had an adverse effect on both hemoglobin and ferritin. In a longitudinal component of the study, 285 anemic women (hemoglobin between 80 and 120 g/L at the time of initiation of contraception)--a subgroup of the cross-sectional component--were followed-up at 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation. In this component, significant mean increases of hemoglobin at 12 months were observed among the users of oral contraceptives and DMPA, but not among users of copper or stainless steel ring IUD. It is concluded that hemoglobin and ferritin levels are influenced by the use of contraceptives and that the hormonal contraceptives included in the present study have a beneficial effect on these parameters. The effects of copper IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin should be studied further.
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PMID:Effects of contraceptives on hemoglobin and ferritin. Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health, United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 988 81

This open, noncomparative study evaluated the rate of premature removals of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) Mirena because of adverse events. To take part in the study, women had to be aged between 35 years and 45 years, and had to change their contraception for poor compliance, poor tolerance, or unfavorable change in the benefit/risk ratio of their previous contraception (oral contraceptives or copper- or progestin-releasing intrauterine device). One removal of Mirena for a wish for pregnancy was excluded from analyses, so that there were 23 removals among 203 women included. The survival ratio was 88.7%, which corresponds to a 1-year rate of premature removals of 11.3%. No statistically significant difference was found between women switched from IUD and women switched from oral contraception regarding the continuation rate (p = 0.640, log-rank test) and the discontinuation rate (p = 0.430, chi(2) test). The main reasons for premature removal were bleeding problems (11 subjects including 2 amenorrhea, 5.4%), pain (5 subjects, 2.5%), and acne (2 subjects, 1%). Two premature discontinuations occurred after accidental removal. The number of bleeding or spotting days significantly decreased from baseline (p < 0.001), and gynecological symptoms were alleviated. Hematocrit, hemoglobin levels, and serum ferritin increased significantly. No pregnancies occurred. Acne and irregular bleedings were the most frequent adverse events. The results show the excellent acceptability as well as the favorable efficacy/safety ratio of the LNG-IUS Mirena in older reproductive age women whatever the primary method of contraception.
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PMID:Acceptability of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system after discontinuation of previous contraception: results of a French clinical study in women aged 35 to 45 years. 1220 86