Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P02794 (ferritin)
 17,525 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of specific macromolecules (tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, nerve growth factor [NGF], and several lectins) have been shown to be transported retrogradely with high selectivity from terminals to cell bodies in various types of neurons. Under identical experimental conditions (low protein concentrations injected), most other macromolecules, e.g. horseradish peroxidase (HRP), albumin, ferritin, are not transported in detectable amounts. In the present EM study, we demonstrate selective binding of tetanus toxin to the surface membrane of nerve terminals, followed by uptake and subsequent retorgrade axonal transport. Tetanus toxin or albumin was adsorbed to colloidal gold particles (diam 200 A). The complex was shown to be stable and well suited as an EM tracer. 1-4 h after injection into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats, tetanus toxin-gold particles were found to be selectively associated with membranes of nerve terminals and preterminal axons. Inside terminals and axons, the tracer was localized mainly in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)-like membrane compartments. In contrast, association of albumin-gold complexes with nervous structures was never observed, in spite of extensive uptake into fibroblasts. Electron microscope and biochemical experiments showed selective retrograde transport of tetanus toxin-gold complexes to the superior cervical ganglion. Specific binding to membrane components at nerve terminals and subsequent internalization and retrograde transport may represent an important pathway for macromolecules carrying information from target organs to the perikarya of their innervating neurons.
 ...
PMID:Selective binding, uptake, and retrograde transport of tetanus toxin by nerve terminals in the rat iris. An electron microscope study using colloidal gold as a tracer. 65 8

Our previous studies showed that some antigenic and mitogenic substances, when locally injected into mice, efficiently produced new lymph follicles outside pre-existing follicles in draining lymph nodes, whereas others had virtually no effect. In the present experiments, young adult male mice were injected with several antigens and mitogens in the rear footpad, and the number and development sites of newly produced lymph follicles in the draining popliteal nodes were studied using serial sections of the nodes obtained between 5 and 21 days after injection. In the unstimulated state, each popliteal node contained a limited number of lymph follicles which mostly lay in a portion of the peripheral cortex overlaying the deep cortex (this portion is referred to as the PCOU), whereas a portion of the peripheral cortex extending beyond the deep cortex (referred to as the PCBU) was underdeveloped with only occasional follicles. Mice treated with soluble PHA or fluid tetanus toxoid developed germinal centers in association with existing follicles but failed to produce new follicles. The PCBU of the draining nodes remained underdeveloped, and the number and distribution pattern of lymph follicles within a draining node were comparable to those in the control node. Animals treated with LPS (50 micrograms), Con A, alum-precipitated PHA or alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid produced significantly large numbers of new follicles outside pre-existing follicles in the draining nodes, the new follicles produced in the PCBU being generally more numerous than those in the PCOU. In these draining nodes, the peripheral cortex, comprising a number of follicles, was found to overlie the deep cortex and extend beyond the deep cortex towards the hilar region. In animals given a less effective stimulant, such as ferritin or a smaller dose of LPS (10 micrograms), the draining nodes produced a relatively small number of new follicles, most of which were formed in the PCBU. The present results indicate that in the mouse popliteal node, the PCBU is morphologically underdeveloped under normal conditions, but develops lymph follicles in response to exogenous stimuli more readily than the PCOU, and that substances efficient in inducing follicle formation can be regarded as capable of stimulating the development of the peripheral cortex.
 ...
PMID:Sites of lymph follicle formation in the draining popliteal lymph nodes of mice locally injected with antigenic and mitogenic substances. 213 2

The effect of iron (Fe3+) and normal human liver ferritin on the proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes to tetanus toxoid was examined. This proliferative response involved memory T4+ lymphocytes as shown by a selective depletion study. Limit dilution analysis revealed that iron, present as ferric citrate, affected the initiation of clone development, and that concentrations of ferric citrate from 30 microM to 1 nM were able to reduce significantly the cloning efficiency of precursor T cells (up to 90% reduction). The reduced cloning frequency was not due to immunological suppression. Clone size was also reduced when iron was present during culture. In contrast, the presence of normal human liver ferritin during culture (concentration range: 300 micrograms/1-10,000 micrograms/1) had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation. The data indicate that low molecular weight iron (as ferric citrate) in concentrations similar to those which have been reported in the serum of patients with iron overload diseases, can interfere with antigen-specific lymphocyte responses and this may have implications for the development of infections and neoplasia in diseases of iron-overload.
 ...
PMID:The effect of iron (Fe3+) on the cloning efficiency of human memory T4+ lymphocytes. 349 99

Thiabendazole was evaluated in two separate experiments for its ability to enhance the immune response in dexamethasone-treated or stressed cattle. In the first experiment the cattle received either no drug treatment (controls), dexamethasone intramuscularly (IM), or dexamethasone IM plus thiabendazole orally. All animals were inoculated with heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19, equine ferritin, tetanus toxoid, and live Corynebacterium equi at the time dexamethasone therapy was initiated. Dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg/day IM for 3 days) significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited the lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens and the antibody response to ferritin and tetanus toxoid. Thiabendazole given orally (16 mg/kg/day) beginning 24 h prior to antigen and dexamethasone administration and continued for 6 days failed to prevent the dexamethasone-induced suppression of the lymphocyte blastogenic or antibody responses. In the second experiment 51 cattle were divided into a control group and a thiabendazole-treated group. The animals were stressed by weaning, injection of antigen (equine ferritin, tetanus toxoid, B. abortus strain 19 and killed bovine viral diarrhea virus) and castration of the bulls on the day that thiabendazole therapy was started. Thiabendazole administered orally for 5 days at a dosage of 20 mg/kg did not enhance the antibody response to any of the antigens, and was associated with a significantly lower antibody response to B. abortus.
 ...
PMID:Attempts to use thiabendazole to improve the immune response in dexamethasone-treated or stressed cattle. 651 58

Fifteen bovine fetuses were inoculated in utero 20 to 123 days before birth with a mixture of killed Mycobacterium bovis, tetanus toxoid, and ferritin in Freund's complete adjuvant. On the day of birth (day 0) and when the calves were 21 days of age, the calves were skin-tested to each of the antigens for delayed-type hypersensitivity. Nine delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the various antigens were obtained at the 0-day test, whereas 28 responses were obtained at the 21-day test. Of those responses that were positive, the mean differences in the double skin-fold thickness before testing and 48 hours later were 5.4 mm for the 0-day and 21-day test and 9.4 mm for the 21-day test. Six control calves that were not inoculated in utero were skin tested on days 0 and 21 and did not exhibit any positive reactions. There was no indication that the interval between immunization and birth had any effect on the immune response. Cellular characteristics of the reactions at 0 and 21 days were the same.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for suppression or incomplete maturation of cell-mediated immunity in neonatal calves as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. 729 72

Immunosorption has become a very important biochemical and serological tool and it is the purpose of this paper to visualize this process qualitatively using the scanning electron microscope. Different carriers (i.e. CNBr activated cellulose and Sepharose, glutaraldehyde treated acrylamide-agarose beads Magnogel, and polystyrene cover slips) were coated with different antibodies and incubated with their homologous antigens such as pneumococci, ferritin, polymeric Salmonella flagellin and mechanically detached flagella, as well as tetanus toxoid, E. coli bacteriophage T4 and Rota virus particles. As negative controls the sorbents were incubated with heterologous antigens.
 ...
PMID:Visualization of immunosorption by scanning electron microscopy. 1561 60