Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P02794 (ferritin)
 17,525 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using ferritin as a marker of reactive microglia, we demonstrated a close association between proliferation of reactive microglia and expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in brain tissue from autopsied cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An increased number of ferritin-positive reactive microglia was observed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain sections from all 13 AIDS cases examined. Similar findings were observed in brain tissue from other neurological diseases (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and multiple sclerosis). Multinucleated giant cells were found in 7 of the AIDS cases which were also intensely labeled for ferritin. Dual-label immunohistochemistry using anti-ferritin and cell-specific markers showed that ferritin-positive cells were distinct from astrocytes, neurons and endothelia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), anti-neurofilament protein and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. In 5 AIDS brains, only ferritin-positive cells were shown to contain HIV-1 gp41 antigen using dual-label immunohistochemistry. In addition, HIV-1 RNA was localized in ferritin-positive reactive microglia but not in GFAP-positive astrocytes using immunohistochemistry combined with in situ hybridization. Ferritin-positive reactive microglia and multinucleated giant cells were co-labeled with the microglial marker, Ricinus communis agglutinin 1 (RCA-1). However, RCA-1 also extensively stained resting microglia only a few of which were co-labeled for ferritin. The density of ferritin-positive cells was correlated with the presence of HIV-1 RNA-positive cells in AIDS brain. Thus, ferritin immunoreactivity can be used as an activation marker of microglia in archival paraffin sections and reflects the extent of inflammation in HIV-1-infected brain.
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PMID:Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia. 141 82

Excessive hemosiderin-laden perivascular macrophages have been described in the brains of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who underwent autopsy; its meaning remains unclear. In the brains of 53 patients with AIDS who consecutively underwent autopsy, we quantified the abnormality, elucidated its relationship to the pathologic features of AIDS, and asked if there was some relationship to endogenous iron storage and transport proteins in brain macrophages and microglia. The number of perivascular siderotic macrophages was significantly increased in patients with AIDS compared with age-matched control subjects. Macrophage siderosis was strongly correlated with the presence of disseminated mycobacterial infection and vacuolar myelopathy at autopsy; a generalized wasting (cachexia) also was related significantly. Many other pathologic abnormalities were not related, including putative human immunodeficiency virus-specific neuropathologic changes such as multinucleated cells and myelin pallor. Activated macrophages and microglial cells in the central nervous system had dense intracytoplasmic accumulation of ferritin (iron storage protein) in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. These results suggest that siderosis of cerebral macrophages is related to an ill-defined nonspecific systemic imbalance associated with the breakdown of abundant stores of endogenous intracellular ferritin. Understanding chronic "secondary" effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection will become increasingly important as improved survival in patients with AIDS is realized.
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PMID:Siderotic cerebral macrophages in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 158 Jul 55

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a major regulatory factor controlling red blood cell (RBC) production in humans. Although other humoral factors can alter the proliferation of committed early erythroid progenitors in vitro, no factor other than EPO has been clearly shown to induce proliferation of these cells in vivo. In a clinical trail of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and recombinant EPO in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we noted reticulocytosis and increases in hemoglobin when G-CSF was administered before the administration of EPO. Subsequent studies demonstrated a significant increase in circulating burst forming unit-erythron (BFU-E) during daily recombinant G-CSF therapy. This increase was both time- and dose-dependent. The magnitude of increase in BFU-E correlated with the magnitude of increase in neutrophils and was associated with a mean increase in reticulocytes of 32,363/microL and a significant increase in mean hemoglobin of 1.04 +/- 0.34 g/dL over an 18-day interval. There was a significant increase in iron binding capacity and decreases in iron saturation and ferritin levels. In patients who were not recently transfused, there was an associated fall in endogenous erythropoietin levels. The increase in RBC production was most marked in patients who were severely anemic, transfusion-dependent, and who had elevated pretreatment EPO levels. There was no correlation between the increase in BFU-E and endogenous EPO levels or the time since last dose of zidovudine. The addition of recombinant EPO therapy three times weekly to patients did not result in further significant increases in BFU-E but did significantly increase hemoglobin. Our data suggest that recombinant G-CSF may be one of the hematopoietic factors that influences production of BFU-E and RBCs in humans.
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PMID:Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor increases circulating burst forming unit-erythron and red blood cell production in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection. 169 97

A survey conducted in rural southern African black subjects indicated that dietary iron overload remains a major health problem. A full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum concentrations of iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and serological screening for hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were carried out in 370 subjects (214 inpatients and 156 ambulatory Mozambican refugees). The fact that the geometric mean (SD range) serum ferritin concentration was much higher in the male hospital patients than in subjects living in the community [1,581 micrograms/l (421-5,944 micrograms/l) and 448 micrograms/l (103-1,945 micrograms/l) respectively] suggested that dietary iron overload was not the only factor raising the serum ferritin concentration. The major additional factor appeared to be inflammation, since the geometric mean (SD range) serum CRP was significantly higher in male hospital patients [21 mg/l (8-53 mg/l)] than in subjects in the community [3 mg/l (1-5 mg)]. Alcohol ingestion, as judged by history and by serum GGT concentrations, was also associated with significantly raised serum ferritin concentrations. This finding was ascribed to the fact that traditional brews are not only associated with alcohol-induced hepatic damage but are also a very rich source of highly bio-available iron. The role of iron overload in the genesis of the raised serum ferritin concentrations are confirmed in the diagnostic liver biopsy study. The majority of biopsies showed heavy siderosis, with varying degrees of hepatic damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Dietary iron overload in southern African rural blacks. 197 6

We examined 19 patients (17 men) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and gastrointestinal symptoms to determine whether those symptoms were due to either a gastrointestinal tract infection or a defect in mucosal absorption because of an enteropathy. The erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 levels were within normal limits in all of the patients. The serum ferritin level was elevated in 12. The xylose absorption test results were abnormal in 8 of the 13 patients able to complete the study. None of the duodenal aspirates yielded a pathogen. Light microscopy revealed nonspecific lymphocytic inflammation without infection in the stomach (in seven patients), the esophagus (in five), the duodenum (in two) and the rectum (in two). However, biopsy specimens were positive for Candida albicans in the esophagus (four patients), cytomegalovirus in the esophagus (one) and the rectum (two), Helicobacter pylori in the antrum (two), Treponema infection in the rectum (two) and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in the small intestine (one). Only three patients had a normal series of biopsy specimens. All of the patients had similar ultrastructural changes at the epithelial-stromal junction of the antral glands and in the intestinal crypts. We conclude that abnormal biochemical and endoscopic findings are common in HIV-positive patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Defects in carbohydrate absorption and ultrastructural changes may be responsible for some aspects of HIV enteropathy.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal function and structure in HIV-positive patients. 220 20

To look for possible defects in cells of the monocyte/macrophage system, blood monocytes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were cultured on hydrophobic Teflon for 7 days and their ability to differentiate into mature macrophages in the presence of serum was followed. The following parameters were studied as indicative of successful terminal maturation: (1) the expression of maturation-associated antigens (transferrin receptor, surface transferrin, the BA-2 antigen, MAX antigens), (2) the disappearance of the MOP15 antigen, and (3) a more than 20-fold increase in intracellular ferritin concentration. It was found that the patients' blood monocytes did not differentiate in vitro but rather remained immature precursor cells. If the same holds true in vivo, the results could indicate that the pathophysiology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be, to a large extent, linked with the functional consequences of this impaired monocyte-to-macrophage maturation.
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PMID:Defective monocyte to macrophage maturation in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 234 11

Mild leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are common in multitransfused hemophiliacs. Because little attention has previously been directed to measurements of erythropoiesis in these patients, we prospectively examined hemoglobin concentration and RBC indices in 94 children and young adults with hemophilia during comprehensive clinic visits. Additional studies performed in many included serum transferrin saturation, ferritin, haptoglobin, and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin measurements. Hemoglobin concentrations were recorded as age-related percentile values. Hemophiliacs of all ages and degrees of severity often had lower than average values for hemoglobin; 31% had values less than the third percentile, 46% less than the tenth percentile, and 83% less than the mean value. Reduced hemoglobin percentile values were unrelated to age, severity of disease, or human immunodeficiency virus antibody status. Only five patients had an obvious cause for anemia. Serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin values were usually normal, indicating that iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease were uncommon. Although serum haptoglobin was reduced in 44% of the patients, reticulocyte count was infrequently increased. We conclude that hemoglobin values are frequently less than the mean normal values for age in hemophiliacs. Although frank anemia is common, it is usually mild and without obvious cause. Hemophiliac individuals with slightly reduced hemoglobin values probably do not routinely require detailed investigation for occult blood loss, iron deficiency, or inflammation.
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PMID:Reduced hemoglobin values in children and young adults with hemophilia. 336 83

To determine the characteristics of blood donors in western Venezuela, we collected data from 1983 to 1985 on 31,320 volunteer donors at the Blood Bank of the State of Zulia in Maracaibo. Fifty-nine percent of the donors were blood group O, 30 percent were group A, 9 percent were group B, and 2 percent were group AB. Most of the donors (93%) were Rh positive. One percent of donors had positive reactions to hepatitis B surface antigen, 3.15 percent for syphilis, 1.43 percent for antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, and 0.32 percent to human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. About one-half of the donors were between 18 and 30 years old, and only 10 percent were women. To determine if iron deficiency anemia was a cause for the small size of the female donor pool, we measured serum ferritin in 50 first-time female donors. Ten of these (20%) had serum ferritin values below normal, and the distribution of serum ferritin levels of all 50 was very similar to that reported for frequent donors in Europe and the United States, with a clustering of ferritin values between 10 and 70 ng per ml. The data indicate that blood donors in western Venezuela are markedly different from those in the United States and that iron supplementation may be indicated for female Venezuelan donors.
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PMID:Characteristics of a donor population in western Venezuela. 368 59

In the haematological malignant diseases, especially Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas, many of the disturbed biological tests reflect the inflammatory process and therefore lack any specificity. Of particular interest are blood sedimentation, the protein-C-reactive test, serum iron, transferrin, serum copper and ferritin. Other tests such as lactic dehydrogenase and beta 2-microglobulin appear to be in the nature of "markers". In 118 patients, serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin above 2.50 mg/l were observed in 83% of the lymphoproliferative disorders and also in 16% of patients without malignant diseases. However, the highest values (greater than 5.00 mg/l) were observed only in 12 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and 1 patient with "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome".
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PMID:[Usefulness of biologic tests in malignant hemopathies]. 661 75

Ferritin is a complex polypeptide which functions primarily as an iron-storage protein. Ferritin may also play a role in the modulation of immune function. It is known to suppress several global measures of the immune response. Specifically, ferritin may mask and/or down-regulate expression of cell surface molecules important in T-cell activation and effector functions. These interactions may become pathologically significant in conditions where marked hyperferritinemia occurs, most notably malignancies and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Levamisole appears to possess immunomodulatory properties and be capable of disrupting the interaction of ferritin with T lymphocytes. This activity may be therapeutically useful in conditions of ferritin excess, such as progressive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its associated opportunistic complications.
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PMID:Reversal of ferritin-mediated immunosuppression by levamisole: a rationale for its application to management of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 759 11


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