Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-acting somatostatin analogues such as SMS 201-995 (Sandoz) are being evaluated in a wide range of clinical indications, including gut neuroendocrine tumours and acrogemaly. Long-term continuous SMS 201-995 treatment has achieved useful symptomatic improvement in diarrhoea in 4 patients with metastatic VIPomas who had relapsed following previous treatment. Clinical improvement has outlasted suppression of VIP secretion (suggesting an additional direct antisecretory action of SMS 201-995) and has occurred despite expansion of hepatic metastases. In 6 patients with tumours secreting gastrin and/or glucagon, secretion of these peptides was acutely inhibited by SMS 201-995. However, endocrine and clinical responses to chronic treatment have been less consistent. SMS 201-995 is active orally at doses of 4-8 mg and when given thrice-daily to 6 patients with active acromegaly, suppressed mean 24-h growth hormone levels by 51-88%. Despite significantly reduced plasma insulin concentrations, glucose tolerance did not deteriorate. SMS 201-995 was also effective in suppressing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone secretion in a patient with mild thyrotoxicosis due to non-tumoural inappropriate TSH hypersecretion. In all cases SMS 201-995 treatment has been well tolerated and has few side-effects.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of SMS 201-995. Long-term treatment in gut neuroendocrine tumours, efficacy of oral administration, and possible use in non-tumoural inappropriate TSH hypersecretion. 289 35

Recently, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) was demonstrated to occur within normal thyroidal C cells. In the present study, the effects of GRP on basal and stimulated thyroid hormone secretion were investigated in the mouse according to the McKenzie technique. Iodine-deficient mice were pretreated with 125I and thyroxine. GRP was found dose-dependently to increase the basal radioiodine levels after iv injection, reflecting a stimulation of basal thyroid hormone secretion. The effect was maximal at a dose level of 3.0 nmol/animal, and at 2 h after injection, when GRP had increased blood radioiodine levels to 152 +/- 8% compared with 96 +/- 5% in controls (P less than 0.001). GRP seemed to exert additive effects on thyroid hormone secretion with vasoactive intestinal peptide and with TSH at a threshold dose level. In contrast, GRP did not influence the stimulatory effects of either a half-maximal dose level of TSH or noradrenaline. Furthermore, neither L-propranolol nor methylatropine influenced the GRP-induced thyroid hormone secretion. It is concluded that GRP has the capacity to stimulate basal thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse.
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PMID:Effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on basal and stimulated thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse. 291 86

Large increases in gastric acid and pepsin secretion, antral gastrin concentration, and decreases in serum gastrin occur during the third week of life in the neonatal rat. At the same time gastrin receptors appear and gastrin release becomes sensitive to somatostatin, indicating that absence and then appearance of specific hormone receptors may be responsible for some of the ontogenic pattern. At this time the mucosa also begins to grow rapidly, with a greater proportion of cells leaving the proliferative pool and differentiating. For the first 2.5-3 weeks these ontogenic changes can be triggered by corticosterone. Their full expression depends on dietary changes associated with weaning. Neither hormones, dietary changes, nor the weaning process itself is essential for development, because in the absence of these, all of the changes still occur--although they may be delayed or be smaller in magnitude. Figure 1 provides a generalized summary of the normal functional development of the stomach and how it is altered by changes in corticosterone levels and the absence of weaning. These findings indicate that ontogeny is genetically programmed and that the full expression of this program depends on hormones, luminal contents, and other environmental factors. In comparison with the small intestine, for example, gastric ontogeny has not received adequate attention. There are essentially no studies directed toward understanding changes in motility during this period. There is really only one study examining the growth pattern of the mucosa during development, and this study is aimed at changes in DNA synthesis and cell loss. Experiments involving the cell cycle are needed to understand whether existing cells mature and differentiate or whether newly created cells suddenly leave the proliferative pool to differentiate. There have been no experiments in which the effects of thyroid hormone on gastric development have been adequately examined. In addition, little or nothing is known about EGF in the ontogenic process. Studies implanting fetal tissue into adult hosts are needed to determine which gastric functions can develop in the absence of luminal stimulation and hormone changes. The cell biology of the gastric mucosa is difficult to examine--especially that involving the cells concerned with growth and differentiation. The stem cells are dispersed throughout the tissue and are a small portion of the cell population. These have never been isolated for study. In vitro culture of mucosal cells, however, is a technique that can possibly be used to examine development at the cellular and molecular level.
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PMID:Functional development of the stomach. 392 87

Intravenous application of 100 micrograms synthetic ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) led to stimulation of ACTH-secretion in nine normal controls, with a maximum 30 min after CRF. Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone and 11-deoxycortisol increased with a maximum at 60 min after CRF, whereas no rise was seen in aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, DHEA-S and testosterone. The specificity of CRF-stimulation was also shown by unchanged TSH, LH, FSH, hGH, prolactin and thyroid hormone levels, als well as unchanged insulin and gastrin levels. No serious side-effects were observed during the test period and afterwards. CRF-tests were performed in ten patients with disturbances of the hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA). Preliminary findings show hyperresponsiveness of ACTH in all situations of ACTH-hypersecretion (two patients with Cushing's disease, one patient with Nelson's syndrome, and one with Addison's disease). In contrast, one patient with successful microadenomectomy showed no response of ACTH to CRF, whereas in another patient with a macroadenoma ACTH and cortisol-levels still increased postoperatively. Divergent patterns in ACTH-responsiveness to CRF were seen in four patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency, allowing the localization of the defect. These data point to the possible importance of the "CRF-test" as a differential diagnostic tool and prognostic factor in diseases of the HPAA.
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PMID:Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-stimulation test in normal controls and patients with disturbances of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. 630 May 9

To study the gastrointestinal hormones involved in hyperthyroidism and the interrelationship with the thyroid hormones, the preprandial serum concentrations of gastrin, motilin and secretin were measured by radioimmunoassay in 33 normal subjects and in 104 patients before and after treatment. The following results were obtained. 1) Serum gastrin concentrations in hyperthyroid patients were significantly higher than that of the control, and when the patients reached euthyroidism or hypothyroidism after treatment, the gastrin concentrations in the serum decreased to the normal level. There was a positive correlation between thyroid hormones and serum gastrin. 2) The changes in serum motilin concentrations in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment did not show any significant differences from that of the control. There was a slightly negative relationship between motilin and gastrin and also between T4 and motilin. 3) The mean serum secretin level rose significantly in hypothyroid patients after treatment for hyperthyroidism, but there was no individual correlation between serum secretin and thyroid hormone.
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PMID:[Fasting serum gastrin, motilin and secretin in treated and untreated hyperthyroidism]. 661 23

Fasting serum gastrin levels measured by radioimmunoassay were found to be elevated in patients with hyperthyroidism and low in patients with hypothyroidism. The oral administration of beef extracts resulted in more increase of serum gastrin in hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects. After restoration of the euthyroid state by treatment, no more increase in serum gastrin levels was observed. Slight correlation between gastrin levels and serum T3 levels was observed in pretreated hyperthyroid patients (r = 0.40), but significant correlation between them was found after restoration of the euthyroid state by treatment (r = 0.50). However, it seemed to be able to divide into two groups in the pretreated patients. One was a patient group whose gastrin levels correlated closely to serum T3 levels (r = 0.83, p less than 0.01). The other was a group whose serum gastrin levels remained in low even in high T3 levels (r = 0.81, p less than 0.01). Different sensitivity to thyroid hormone in the G-cells of gastrointestinal tract may exist in these two groups, because patients age and duration of their illness were not different between them.
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PMID:Serum gastrin levels in patients with thyroid dysfunction. 685 40

High gastrin levels were found in twenty-one out of fifty-six consecutive patients (38%) with thyrotoxicosis. Following return to euthyroidism gastrin levels generally fell, but twelve patients (21%) remained hypergastrinaemic. Six of these patients (11%) had achlorhydria indicating atrophic gastritis of the antrum sparing type. No correlation between gastrin and triiodothyronine values was found. It is suggested that gastrin levels should be measured in thyrotoxic patients after treatment, and further control instituted in patients with raised gastrin levels. The relationship between gastric function, gastrin release and thyroid function seems complex. The interactions may involve both a direct effect of thyroid hormone on gastric acid production, adrenergic influences on gastrin release and linked phenomena with development of thyroid and gastric auto-immune diseases.
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PMID:High serum gastrin levels in thyrotoxic patients. 689 90

The phenomenon of pancreatic regeneration in mammals has been well documented. It has been shown that pancreatic tissue is able to regenerate in several species of mammal after surgical insult. This tissue is also known to have the potential to maintain or increase its beta-cell mass in response to metabolic demands during pregnancy and obesity. Since deficiency in beta-cell mass is the hallmark of most forms of diabetes, it is worthwhile understanding pancreatic regeneration in the context of this disease. With this view in mind, this article aims to discuss the potential use in clinical strategies of knowledge that we obtained from studies carried out in animal models of diabetes. Approaches to achieve this goal involve the use of biomolecules, adult stem cells and gene therapy. Various molecules, such as glucagon-like peptide-1, beta-cellulin, nicotinamide, gastrin, epidermal growth factor-1 and thyroid hormone, play major roles in the initiation of endogenous islet regeneration in diabetes. The most accepted hypothesis is that these molecules stimulate islet precursor cells to undergo neogenesis or to induce replication of existing beta-cells, emphasizing the importance of pancreas-resident stem/progenitor cells in islet regeneration. Moreover, the potential of adult stem cell population from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, liver, spleen, or amniotic membrane, is also discussed with regard to their potential to induce pancreatic regeneration.
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PMID:Approaches towards endogenous pancreatic regeneration. 1749 91

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of Berberine-mediated antidiarrheal effects in thyroid hormone-induced diarrhea in rats, gastrointestinal peptides, such as motilin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin from plasma and tissue of hyperthyroid diarrheic rats were measured using radioimmunoassay in healthy control, model, and treated model groups. The number and volume of goblet cells were also observed. Compared with healthy control, hyperthyroid diarrheic rats exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, and increase in plasma concentrations of tri-iodothyronine and free thyroxine along with the increase of wet stool. Both plasma motilin and gastrin were also elevated and reduced remarkably in Berberine-treated subgroup along with the body weight increased and wet stool reduced at the meantime. Significant changes in plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin were not seen. Gastrointestinal peptides trend in tissue samples were similar to those observed in plasma. Morphological data demonstrated an increase in number and/or volume of goblet cells to some extent in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively and decreased by administration of Berberine. The possible underlying mechanisms of antidiarrheal effects of Berberine may be due in partially to the reduction of the number of goblet cells and the amount of mucous secretion through re-balancing gastrointestinal peptides.
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PMID:Berberine against gastrointestinal peptides elevation and mucous secretion in hyperthyroid diarrheic rats. 1932 86