Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Atypical carcinoid tumor of the lung with amyloid stroma seen in a 43-year-old woman is reported. The 47 x 45 x 33 mm tumor, located at the periphery of the S8 segment of the resected left lower lobe, revealed Dylon-positive amyloid deposition in the stroma. The argyrophilic tumor cells with occasional mitoses and focal venous involvement predominantly showed immunoreactivity of cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, cystatin C, chromogranin A, calcitonin and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Fewer cells were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, gastrin-releasing peptide, serotonin, methionine-enkephalin and gastrin. Immunoreactive CGRP or NPY were co-localized in calcitonin-positive cells. The amyloid substance was positively labeled only for CGRP. Immunostaining for amylin, a polypeptide isolated from insular amyloid in type II diabetes mellitus or insulinoma showing a 50% homology with CGRP, was negative. The specificity of immunostaining for calcitonin, CGRP and amylin was confirmed by immunoabsorption tests using synthetic human antigens. Immunoelectron microscopic studies disclosed peptide localization in neurosecretory-type granules and CGRP immunoreactivity in extracellular amyloid fibrils. This is the first report describing CGRP as a component of amyloid of endocrine origin.
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PMID:Atypical carcinoid tumor of the lung with amyloid stroma. 160 16

Endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic duck were identified immunocytochemically using antisera specific to bombesin, chromogranin A, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, glucagon, neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurotensin, secretin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Chromogranin A, 5-HT and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were widespread throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Bombesin immunoreactive cells were observed only in the proventriculus and the gizzard. CCK, substance P and neurotensin immunoreactive cells were present in the intestinal tracts from the duodenum to the colorectum. The latter were numerous also in the antrum. Gastrin cells were peculiar to the antrum but present also in the gizzard and small intestine. Glucagon immunoreactive cells were present in the jejunum-ileum and above all in the large intestine. Only few secretin cells were present in the duodenum. The highest frequency of endocrine cells was found in the antrum, while the lowest was observed in the caeca. Antisera to somatostatin and substance P showed numerous nerve cells and fibers besides endocrine cells, whereas NSE and VIP immunopositivity was found in the nervous structures only of the gut wall.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic duck. 168 96

The pituitary hormones prolactin and oxytocin play important roles in the production and ejection of milk. In addition, some gastrointestinal peptides are released in response to suckling. During suckling, the piglets massage the udder of the sow both before and after let-down and the duration of suckling is correlated to the amount of milk produced by the sow. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a quantitative relation between the release of prolactin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the amount of stimulation of the sow's teats by the piglets. Repeated blood samples were drawn from three Swedish Landrace sows during three consecutive nursings by each sow on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after parturition. The duration of massage by the piglets was noted, as was the number of piglets massaging. Hormone levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay. The release of prolactin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and VIP but not of gastrin were found to be significantly related to the amount of teat massage performed by the piglets during the first 2 weeks of lactation. The release was related to the duration of piglet massage or to the combined effect of duration and the number of piglets massaging but not to the number of piglets massaging per se. The basal level of prolactin was found to decrease during this time.
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PMID:Quantitative relationships between suckling-induced teat stimulation and the release of prolactin, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sows. 168 75

Nerves within and under the esophageal epithelium of the opossum esophagus were investigated morphologically with osmication and immunohistochemically for ten neuropeptides. The structurally similar but functionally diverse epithelia of the anal canal and snout skin, on which no immunohistochemical information exists, were similarly investigated for comparison. Total innervation was estimated from osmication, which revealed intraepithelial nerves in all three tissues in the following order of density: snout skin greater than anal canal greater than esophagus. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P occurred in all three organs. The snout skin had intraepithelial galanin nerves but not vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, while conversely the esophagus and anal canal had vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but not galanin. All peptides found intraepithelially also occurred subepithelially. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide subepithelial nerves occurred in all the tissues, while gastrin releasing peptide nerves occurred infrequently in the subepithelial regions of the esophagus and anal canal, but not the snout skin. As these epithelia neither secrete nor absorb, their nerves are presumably sensory. The peptides investigated could not account for all intraepithelial nerves demonstrated by osmium. Differences in the innervation of these epithelia may result from their differing sensory requirements.
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PMID:Mucosal peptidergic innervation of the opossum esophagus and anal canal: a comparison with snout skin. 169 56

The effects of oral diethylaminoethyl-dextran (3 g total), taken 30 min before a standard mixed test meal, on plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, gastrin-like immunoreactivity, bombesin-like immunoreactivity, gastric-inhibitory-polypeptide-like immunoreactivity and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity were evaluated in eight healthy volunteers following a double-blind protocol. Incremental peak plasma concentrations of total lipids and triglycerides were significantly reduced by pretreatment with diethylaminoethyl-dextran pretreatment, while peaks of plasma glucose and total cholesterol were not significantly affected. Diethylaminoethyl-dextran also inhibited postprandial gastrin-like gastric-inhibitory-polypeptide-like and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity; by contrast, bombesin-like immunoreactivity was not significantly modified. The present study indicates that diethylaminoethyl-dextran is able to regulate some postprandial metabolic and hormonal parameters in man; consequently it might be useful in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia and obesity.
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PMID:Short-term effects of diethylaminoethyl-dextran on postprandial gastrointestinal hormone responses in man. 169 37

Gastric acidity is influenced by systemic and local peptide effects. Previous work by others has shown that intraluminally secreted peptides may have a role in local control of gastric acidity; however, the response of these peptides to acute changes in gastric pH is unknown. To determine the effects of acute changes in pH on systemic and intraluminal peptide levels, 14 normal volunteers underwent placement of a nasogastric tube after an overnight fast. Blood and gastric fluid were analyzed on a control day, 2 hours after completion of 24 hours of aluminum-magnesium antacid therapy and after 24 hours of H2 blockade. Plasma and acid-alcohol-extracted gastric peptide levels were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Specimens were subdivided into two groups: 28 gastric fluid specimens with a pH less than 4 and 10 specimens with a pH greater than 4. In the patients with a pH greater than 4, the luminal peptides, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P, and gastrin, were decreased by 50% to 90% and gastrin-releasing peptide was decreased by 36% compared with specimens with a pH less than 4. Conversely, intraluminal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin levels were elevated by 60% and 27%, respectively, in the samples with a pH greater than 4. Intraluminal peptide concentrations are responsive to changes in intragastric pH; however, this response was not seen in plasma peptide levels.
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PMID:Acute gastric pH changes alter intraluminal but not plasma peptide levels. 172 Sep 3

Lower urinary tract tissues respond heterogeneously to adrenergic and cholinergic agents. However, the action of bioactive peptides on these tissues has not been extensively studied. The contractile and relaxant effects of nine peptides-bradykinin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin, substance P, bombesin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and motilin-have been compared in the rat bladder body, bladder neck, and left ventral prostate in vitro. All three tissues contracted to bombesin and to bradykinin, although the bladder neck was less sensitive to the contractile effects of bradykinin than the other two tissues. Substance P only contracted the bladder body. Of all the peptides tested, relaxation was only observed to calcitonin gene-related peptide, which relaxed the bladder neck and prostate (phenylephrine-contracted) but not the bladder body (carbamylcholine-contracted). Thus lower urinary tract tissues are responsive to certain bioactive peptides in a nonhomogeneous fashion. These studies raise the possibility that selective modulation of peptide function may be an approach to therapy of urogenital disorders.
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PMID:Effect of bombesin, bradykinin, substance P and CGRP in prostate, bladder body and neck. 172 95

Total mRNA extracted from the brain of a marine worm, Nereis diversicolor, were in vitro translated using 2 cell-free systems: rabbit reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ extract. Among numerous products newly translated in both systems, only one class of 70 kDa polypeptides immunoprecipitated when we used a mixture of 3 well defined antibodies raised against known sequences of the human prepro-CCK. At the cellular level, using immunocytochemistry techniques, strong and moderate immunoreactivities were seen in perikarya located in various ganglionic nuclei of the worm brain. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were visible in the neuropile but not in the infracerebral region, a neurohemal area. Immunoreactions also appeared on perikarya located in the anterior and medial groups of the ventral nerve cord. Furthermore, immunolabeled cells were observed in the midgut. Interestingly, several co-localizations of materials immunologically related to human prepro-CCK and CCK/gastrin were observed in the brain and the ventral nerve cord both in perikarya and in nerve fibres. We propose that, in Nereis a polypeptide (molecular mass 70 kDa) is the large precursor of molecules related to those of the CCK/gastrin peptide family.
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PMID:Precursors of neuropeptides in the marine worm Nereis diversicolor. In vitro translation of a precursor related to human prepro-cholecystokinin and immunolocalization of this precursor in the nervous system. 191 50

A sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for somatostatin (SS)-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) was developed with the use of beta-D-galactosidase labeled antigen. The minimum amount of SS-like immunoreactive substance (SS-IS) detectable by this method was 1.0 fmol/well (25 pmol/l). The level of SS-IS in bovine foremilk was about 20 pmol/l, and the level was unchanged after delivery. On the other hand, the levels of gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)-IS and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IS in bovine foremilk were very high, but fell during 1 week after delivery to about 10% of those in foremilk.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay of somatostatin (SS)-like immunoreactive substance in bovine milk. 197 Sep 52

In a series of 130 cases of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine, enterochromaffin (EC) cells were detected in 54 cases (41.5%) by immunocytochemistry with anti-chromogranin monoclonal antibody. Among the 54 cases, 30 were found positive for serotonin, 14 for somatostatin, 11 for glucagon, 5 for pancreatic polypeptide, and only one for gastrin. The cases with EC cells (++) or polypeptide positive cells exhibited higher grade of differentiation, earlier stage of tumour extension and higher survival rate than those without EC cells. A significant difference of the EC cell population pattern among different histological grades of the tumours and nonneoplastic mucosa was found. The proportion of hormone, especially polypeptide positive cells was the highest in the mucosa and lowest in the moderately poorly differentiated carcinomas. The incidence, methodology and clinicopathological significance of EC cells found in the tumours are discussed.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical study of enterochromaffin cells in carcinoma of the large intestine]. 197 23


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