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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ultrastructural appearance of gastrin cell (G cell) granules was studied after different fixation procedures. When the pH of prefixation was varied there was greater preservation of the electron density of granule cores after acidic (pH 5.0 and 6.0) than after neutral or alkaline (pH 7.0 and 8.0) prefixation. Increasing duration of prefixation at pH 7.3 resulted in progressive loss of electron density of the granule core with swelling and occasional rupture of the limiting membrane. In tissues where most granules had been rendered electron lucent by fixation, those granules remaining dense cored were preferentially located close to the Golgi zone. These findings indicate that the electron density of G cell granules is profoundly affected by conditions of fixation, and that immature granules are more resistant to loss of core density than mature granules. They also suggest that the gastrin granule in vivo, like other polypeptide granules, may have a "solid", osmotically inactive core.
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PMID:The effect of fixation conditions on the ultrastructural appearance of gastrin cell granules in the rat gastric pyloric antrum. 1 69

A method is described whereby commercially available radioimmunoassay-grade antibodies specific for the polypeptide hormones calcitonin, gastrin, glucagon, and somotastatin are used to detect these antigens on paraffin sections of routinely fixed tissue. The hormone antibodies are applied to deparaffinized tissue sections as the primary specific immune sera using the standard peroxidase technic. The use of these hormone antibodies to detect their respective antigens has proved valuable in demonstrating polypeptide forming tumor cells in pathologic specimens.
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PMID:The utilization of radioimmunoassay antibodies for the immunohistologic staining of polypeptide hormones on paraffin-embedded tissue. 8 76

After a review on the historical development of morphological investigations of entero-endocrine cells, dating back to 1870, a detailed synoptical review of the current stage of findings in this field is given. At the present time nine different endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Criteria for this differentiation are properties concerning specific staining methods, aldehyde-induced fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure. From present results it is obvious that distinct cell types are responsible for the synthesis of defined polypeptide hormones (e.g. gastrin, secretin, enterogastrone). The metabolism of amines, in relation to the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract is of particular interest here. Points investigated include the uniqueness of endocrine cells, with regard to the metabolism of biogenic amines ("APUD-cells") and the possibility of serotonin synthesis by a definite cell type, i.e. by the EC-cell ("enterochromaffin" cell). In our experimental animal, male Wistarrats, seven different entero-endocrine cell types can be discerned by ultrastructural means: EC-, ECL-, G-, AL-, EG-, D- and D1-cells. The I-cell (found in other species) can hardly be distinguished from the AL-cell by ultrastructural means and the S-cells, as found in other species, are not to be found at all. Only some of the cited cell types can be seen by fluorescence microscopy. After formaldehyde-treatment of the tissue, the "enterochromaffin" cell shows a yellow, serotonin-specific fluorescence. This cell corresponds in shape, number and distribution to the ultrastructurally defined EC-cell. EC-cells are found predominantly in the pyloric region and the duodenum and less frequently in the middle- and hindgut and the cardiac region; seldomly EC-cells are encountered in the oxyntic gland area of the stomach. In the rat gastro-intestinal tract, number and fluorescent intensity of EC-cells does not always correspond with the serotonin content of a certain region--sometimes the level of serotonin is largely determined by the mast cells, which in the rat also contain serotonin. For example, the high serotonin content of the oxyntic gland area, which contains very few EC-cells, has to be contributed nearly exclusively to mast cell serotonin. Mast cells can be domonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, due to their histamine content, after treatment of the tissue with o-phthalaldehyde (OPD). It seems likely that the histamine content, especially that of the so-called "atypical mast cells" of the mucosa, is inversely related to their respective serotonin content. --In addition to mast cells, OPD-treatment leads to a fluorescence in some of the entero-endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In the gastric epithelium these fluorescing cells should be regarded as histamine-containing ECL-cells and glucagon-containing AL-cells while in the colonic epithelium they are considered to be glucagon-containing AL-cells...
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PMID:[The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium and the metabolism of biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. 13 9

A 65-year-old man with hypergastrinemia associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was found to have a duodenal "carcinoid-islet cell tumor." Gastrin levels have remained normal for more than 1 year following total gastrectomy and removal of the duodenal tumor. Immunohistochemical studies for gastrin localization revealed positive staining of the tumor and of a population of nonneoplastic G-cells in the adjacent duodenal mucosa and Brunner's glands. These results support the hypothesis that gastrinomas may arise as primary tumors from duodenal G-cells rather than from ectopic pancreatic tissue. "Carcinoidislet cell tumors," like other tumors of APUD-cell origin, may express dual biochemical functions in the form of polypeptide hormone and/or amine secretion. Their content of specific hormonal products may be predicted on the basis of sensitive histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques.
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PMID:Gastrinoma of duodenal G-cell origin. 18 Nov 28

Salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretory responses to intravenous 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analog of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide, were studied in healthy volunteers. 13-nle-Motilin in doses of 100 ng/kg body wt/hr significantly stimulated gastric pepsin output, while H + secretion and serum gastrin levels remained unchanged. Enhanced pepsin secretion was not accompanied by an increase in gastric secretion of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate, nor did gastric mucosal levels of the cyclic nucleotide rise. A dose of 13-nle-motilin, which stimulated gastric pepsin output, did not exert any significant effect on salivary and pancreatic secretions.
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PMID:Effects of 13-nle-motilin on salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions in man. 18 98

A 61-year-old woman had watery diarrhea, hypochlorhydria, hypokalemia, and elevated serum gastrin levels. She had islet cell carcinoma of the body of the pancreas with multiple metastases to the liver. Radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence demonstrated both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gastrin in the surgically removed carcinoma and in a metastatic focus. Electron microscopical findings confirmed the presence of two cell types whose secretory granules had characteristics ascribed to these two hormones. Plasma prostaglandin E levels were also elevated above normal. Serum VIP levels became elevated to the Verner-Morrison range prior to her death of a bleeding duodenal ulcer two years after initial symptoms.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin-producing islet cell carcinoma. 19 71

The present state of chemistry, structure-activity relationship and cellular mode of action of gastrointestinal polypeptide hormones (gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, caerulein and bombesin) are reviewed. Possible structure of polypeptide receptors and the mechanism of peptide--receptor interaction are described, and the role of acetylcholine and histamine in secretion discussed. The present data support the hormonal-receptor significance of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) in the cellular regulation of secretion.
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PMID:Cellular action of gastrointestinal polypeptide hormones. 20 65

We report a case of micro-gastrinoma associated with a duodenal ulcer. This ulcer was severe and a gastrectomy (Finsterer) was performed. Pathologic examination showed a "carcinoid islet cell-tumor" with argyrophil granules in the cells' cytoplasme and ultrastructural studies confirmed neurosecretory granules with dense central core. Using the immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase technic with several anti sera against polypeptide hormones we were able to show it was a pure gastrinoma. We presume this association is a new entity in gastrin-cells pathology.
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PMID:[Duodenal ulcer and pyloric micro-gastrinoma. A report of one case (author's transl)]. 23 39

Foregut endocrine polypeptide-secreting APUD cells (Amine-Precursor-Uptake and Decarboxylation), in their embryologic migration from neural crest to foregut may become "arrested" in the mesoderm or in other ectopic locations. They may become hyperplastic, adenomatous or malignant. Eight illustrative patients are reported. One patient had "pancreatic hyperparathyroidism" with hypercalcemic crises, pancreatic apudocarcinoma, normal parathyroids, biologically active parathormone, but inert immunochemically to the usual parathyroid antisera. Two had gastrin-secreting malignancies in the mesoderm. Remission after excision, but eventual recurrence of the syndrome due to islet cell hyperplasia required total gastrectomy. One patient had a gastric corpus apudocarcinoma found prospectively with hypergastrinemia which required excision of the tumor. One patient had acromegaly with hypergastrinemia and antral gastrinosis treated by pituitary irradiation, One patient had the antral or intermediary type of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with moderate hypergastrinemia, duodenal ulcer and antral gastrinosis, treated by vagotomy and antrectomy. One patient had hyperparathyroidism with antral gastrinosis, treated by parathyroidectomy. One patient had malignant Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and developed associated thyroid parafollicular cell hyperplasia and parathyroid chief cell hyperplasia, treated by total gastrectomy and multiple endocrine excisions. These investigative observations demonstrate ectopic loci and associated hyperplasias which support the concept of migration and bizarre potentiality of polypeptide-secreting cells of the foregut.
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PMID:Ectopic apudocarcinomas and associated endocrine hyperplasias of the foregut. 24 2

We studied the pancreatic and enteric hormone profile of a 46-year-old woman who had hyperglycemia and a pancreatic tumor. Before operation, there was no evidence of overproduction of glucagon or insulin. The tumor's ultrastructure had a distinctive endocrine morphology, resembling D cells. Prompted by the recent demonstration of somatostatin in D cells of pancreatic islets, we analyzed the tumor and found a large quantity of immunoreactive somatostatin (301 ng per milligram of tissue). Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and human pancreatic polypeptide were present in only trace quantities. The tumor cells were cultured in monolayers, which remained viable up to 51 days and released somatostatin into the culture medium. In seven insulinomas and two glucagonomas, we found the somatostatin content either much lower (less than 0.6 ng per milligram of tissue) or undetectable. After complete resection of the tumor, our patient became euglycemic and has remained so for the past 20 months.
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PMID:"Somatostatinoma": a somatostatin-containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas. 32 60


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