Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Mastomys (Praomys natalensis) species are a unique natural model in which the bioactivity of gastric carcinoids may be studied. Several investigators have previously demonstrated that these tumors contain large amounts of histamine. In this study we investigated the presence of peptides associated with the neoplasm. The levels and location of gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), neurotensin, peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SRIF) were investigated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. In addition the distribution of these peptides were evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract of young and old animals to investigate possible age-related changes. PYY and enteroglucagon (EG) were significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated in both tumor tissue (676 +/- 152, 551 +/- 164 pmol/g) and plasma (620 +/- 160, 500 +/- 147 pmol/l) of tumor-bearing animals. Immunocytochemistry revealed PYY- and EG-like immunoreactivity in 20-30% of tumor cells. A significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in bombesin was noted in older animals, but no changes in gastric tissue content of PYY or EG could be detected between young and old animals. Gastrin was not detected in tumors and there were no significant changes in tissue or plasma levels with age. Small bowel concentrations of VIP and PYY were higher in the older mastomys (P less than 0.05). In contrast, colonic levels of bombesin, VIP, somatostatin and PYY were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in older mastomys compared with young. The age-related changes in several peptides may reflect an adaptive response to acid hypersecretion. The multi-hormonal character of these neoplasms suggests that these tumors develop from a pluripotential stem cell.
 ...
PMID:Significance of gastric endocrine tumor and age-related gut peptide alterations in Mastomys. 232 98

The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.
 ...
PMID:An immunohistochemical study of various peptide-containing endocrine cells and neurones at the equine ileocaecal junction. 233 94

Although the histological features and endocrine cells of the gastro-intestinal tract of the chicken have been well studied, little is known about these features of the gut of the ostrich. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the histology and peptide-storing endocrine cells of the ostrich. As a rule the histological features of the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich corresponded to that of the fowl. However, certain differences were observed. The superficial proventricular glands were simple, branched tubular glands, while the deep proventricular glands were restricted to a slipper-shaped area and extended into the muscularis mucosae. The gizzard had a variably developed muscularis mucosae, a feature that seems to be unique to the ostrich. The villi of the small intestine were long and branched profusely, forming a labyrinthine surface. No Paneth cells were observed. The mucosa of the ceca and the first part of the rectum was thrown in large circular folds, forming a compressed spiral. Numerous melanocytes were seen in the submucosa and the connective tissue around the bloodvessels of the muscle layers at the tips of the ceca. A well developed subserosa was present throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Endocrine cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and pancreatic polypeptide were detected in the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich. The topographical distribution of those endocrine cells immunoreactive to glucagon, bombesin, neurotensin and substance P differed from that of the chicken. The results of this investigation inferred that at least one of the gut peptides of the ostrich (secretin) to be structurally different from its counterparts in mammal and chicken. Molecular heterogeneity of somatostatin was observed in endocrine cells situated in the deep ventricular glands of the ostrich.
 ...
PMID:A light microscopic and immunocytochemical study of the gastrointestinal tract of the ostrich (Struthio camelus L.). 233 97

Concentrations of gastrointestinal neuropeptides in serial human milk samples from 28 women were determined over the first 6 postpartum mo. All gut neuropeptides were present during the first postpartum week. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) concentration remained constant but the others decreased by 6 wk. Bombesin concentration in breast milk was threefold greater than concurrent plasma concentration (p less than 0.001); all other neuropeptides were at the same or lower concentrations in milk than in plasma. At 36 wk gestation plasma concentrations of GIP were lower and concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide were higher than concentrations in age-matched control subjects. Concentrations of gastrin and cholecystokinin, bombesin, peptide histidine methionine, peptide YY, and neurotensin in plasma were similar in pregnant and nonpregnant women. These gut neuropeptides in milk may be important for growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal system in neonates. Bombesin may contribute to neonatal hypergastrinemia.
 ...
PMID:Postpartum changes in pattern of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in human milk. 234 35

Synthetic bombesin (BBS) was infused intracerebroventricularly in 14 mongrel dogs, to study the effects of the peptide on gastric secretion and on gastrin and neurotensin levels. The infusion was performed with a specific apparatus, and gastric fluid was collected with a Pavlov pouch. BBS was given in two series of experiments: as a bolus intracerebroventricular injection of 308.6 pmol/kg and as a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion at a rate of 617.3 pmol/kg/h for 30 min. The bolus injection caused a very significant decrease of gastric fluid volume, a significant decrease of HCl output, and a significant increase of its pH, while serum immunoreactive gastrin increased significantly. The continuous infusion of BBS caused similar changes in gastric secretion. The plasma neurotensin levels did not change. In conclusion, the intracerebroventricular administration of BBS increases the serum gastrin levels, decreases the volume and HCl content of gastric fluid, and increases its pH.
 ...
PMID:Changes in gastric secretion after intracerebroventricular infusion of bombesin in dogs. 235 87

The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.
 ...
PMID:Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf. 241 Nov 74

The presence and distribution of regulatory peptides in nerves and endocrine cells of the stomach, intestine and rectum of a urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, was studied immunohistochemically in sections or whole-mount preparations of the gut wall. The effect of the occurring peptides on gut motility was studied in isolated strip preparations of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from different parts of the gut. Bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity was present in abundant nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of both stomach, intestine and rectum. Single fibres or bundles were present in the circular muscle layer and in a well-developed deep muscular plexus in the intestine and rectum. Immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, intestine (neurotensin only) and rectum. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was observed only in a few fibres in stomach and rectum. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, met-enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- or substance P- like immunoreactivity were present in the mucosa. The effect of bombesin was an inhibition of the rhythmic activity in circular muscle preparations and in longitudinal muscle from the rectum, while longitudinal muscle from the stomach usually responded with a weak increase in tonus. Neurotensin, like-bombesin, was inhibitory on the spontaneous rhythmic activity of circular muscle throughout the gut, while the effect on longitudinal muscle was an increase in tonus. Met-enkephalin and substance P increased the tonus of all types of preparations, and often, in addition, initiated a rhythmic activity superimposed on this maintained tonus. VIP had a general inhibitory effect on the preparations, decreasing tonus and/or abolishing rhythmic activity. It is concluded that bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like peptides are present in nerves throughout the urodele gut and may have physiological functions in regulating the motility of the gut. The gastrin/CCK-like peptide present in nerves of the stomach and rectum may affect the function of these parts of the gut. The regulatory peptides present in endocrine cells may, perhaps with the exception of the somatostatin-like peptide, affect the motility humorally.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptides in the gastrointestinal canal of Necturus maculosus. Distribution and effects on motility. 241 14

The effect of graded doses of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin-17, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-4, CCK-8, neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the substance P (SP)-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in anaesthetized pigs was studied by direct infusion of the peptides into the arterial supply of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Infusion of SP in a dose of 20 pmol/kg per min for 3 min significantly increased the LESP (P less than 0.01). Simultaneous VIP infusion at 5--40 pmol/kg per min showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of SP on the LESP. None of the other peptides had any effect on the LESP during simultaneous infusion of SP. Pharmacological blockade by atropine (250 mu/kg) or guanethidine (1 mg/kg) had no effect on the SP-stimulated LESP. In conclusion, the SP-induced stimulation of the LESP is abolished by VIP, and both peptides seem to play a role in the complex regulation of the LESP.
 ...
PMID:Effect of regulatory polypeptides on the substance P stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in pigs. 241 11

We have developed procedures for dissociating neurons from the myenteric plexus of the small intestine of newborn rats and for growing those neurons in cell cultures for up to 3 months. Neurons in these cultures retain many of the differentiated properties of myenteric neurons in vivo. This is the first of a series of 3 papers describing those properties. In this paper, we describe the morphology of cultured neurons that we have observed with light and electron microscopy; we also describe the patterns of straining observed when immunocytochemical techniques were used to localize neurotransmitter candidates in the cultured neurons. Intracellular injections of a fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow, revealed that many of the cultured neurons had morphologies similar to those of myenteric neurons in vivo. When thin sections of cultures were viewed in an electron microscope, many neurons were observed to have numerous small (40-60 nm), clear synaptic vesicles and/or large (80-150 nm), opaque-cored (p-type) vesicles. Synaptic profiles were most often observed on neuronal somata. Neurons containing immunoreactive serotonin, substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, bombesin and gastrin/cholecystokinin were observed in about the same proportions as they occur in the intact myenteric plexus. Neurons containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were found in higher numbers than reported in vivo. Neurons containing immunoreactive neurotensin, secretin and glutamate decarboxylase were not observed. An antiserum directed against choline acetyltransferase stained 40-50% of the neurons. We conclude that myenteric neurons continue to express much of their normal differentiated properties even when they are removed from the gut, dissociated into a suspension of single cells and grown in culture. Such cultures will be useful for correlating the morphological, biophysical, pharmacological and synaptic properties of individual myenteric neurons and for testing the ability of altered environmental conditions to change those properties.
 ...
PMID:Neurons dissociated from rat myenteric plexus retain differentiated properties when grown in cell culture. I. Morphological properties and immunocytochemical localization of transmitter candidates. 242 14

The neural origin and even the existence of appendiceal neuromas have been questioned. We have studied 20 examples, 7 discovered during a prospective examination of 26 consecutive routine appendectomy specimens (for an incidence of 27%), 2 selected from random cases, and 11 discovered in a retrospective review of 11 randomly selected cases of appendices diagnosed as "fibrous obliteration." By light-microscopy, appendiceal neuromas appear as a loose proliferation of spindle cells usually in a myxoid background, frequently with entrapped fat and connective tissue and infiltrated by eosinophils. Seventeen were located centrally in the appendix without nodule formation. One was central with nodularity and two were confined to the mucosa. The spindle cells were positive for S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase in all cases. In 12, serotonin positive cells entrapped in the proliferation were present. In 5 of 11 cases with apparent uninvolved appendix present in the specimen, the number of serotonin cells in the crypts was greater than in normal appendix controls. Two appendiceal neuromas contained somatostatin positive cells. Stains for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, neurotensin, bombesin and gastrin were negative. Ultrastructural examination of one case confirmed the presence of a mixture of Schwann cells and cells containing neurosecretory granules. We conclude that appendiceal neuroma is a rather common entity, and that most cases of so-called fibrous obliteration actually represent appendiceal neuroma.
 ...
PMID:Neuromas of the appendix. A light-microscopic, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study of 20 cases. 243 Apr 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>