Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a 12-year old castrated male European Shorthair cat is described. The clinical symptoms were vomiting, weight loss, listlessness and alternating diarrhoea and obstipation. An endocrine tumour near the pancreatic duct had metastasised to the liver. Many duodenal ulcers were present. Immunohistochemistry revealed cells positive for gastrin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) scattered throughout the tumour.
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PMID:Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in a cat. 317 93

An extensive array of nerve fibers ramify around the afferent blood vessels of the liver and the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary pathways, and are thought to be involved in regulation of blood flow. Although the role of sympathetic innervation is established, little is known about the location or role of regulatory peptidergic innervation in the liver. We examined the anatomic distribution of a wide variety of regulatory peptides and several neural antigens by in situ immunohistochemistry in the rat and in man. A rich peptidergic plexus of nerve fibers and ganglion cells was observed around the arterial vessels in both species, with intense immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was seen principally in large nerve bundles, suggesting that the majority of nerves in this area were unmyelinated. In contrast, the portal vessels revealed very little peptidergic innervation. No staining was observed with antibodies directed against insulin, glucagon, gastrin, serotonin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, cholecystokinin, or growth hormone. These findings indicate the presence of a rich, although selective, peptidergic plexus surrounding afferent hepatic blood vessels. This plexus may play an important role in regulation of hepatic blood flow.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine innervation of the hepatic vessels in the rat and in man. 318 22

Multicentric gastric carcinoids develop infrequently in association with atrophic gastritis, achlorhydria, and hypergastrinemia. These unusual tumors, thought to arise from proliferation of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, have not been shown to secrete any measurable biogenic amines and usually grow slowly. Hypergastrinemia, which results from antral G cell stimulation secondary to atrophic gastritis, is believed to be the trophic stimulus, but alternative explanations include production of gastrin-releasing factor (GRF) or gastrin per se by the tumor. We recently encountered two patients with pentagastrin-resistant achlorhydria and multiple gastric carcinoids. Neither had symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serum human pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and motilin values were normal. Fasting gastrin values were nearly 1800 pg/ml. Antrectomy and regional lymphadenectomy was performed in each patient. The tumors were locally invasive with penetration through the submucosa. One patient had regional lymph node involvement, and one had an isolated hepatic metastasis. Immunohistochemical stain tests were positive in both patients for neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin, with focal positive staining for gastrin and serotonin. Serum gastrin levels decreased to less than 25 pg/ml after antrectomy. Evaluation with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy examination 4 to 6 months after antrectomy showed complete regression of disease in one patient and residual neoplasm in one patient, despite normal serum gastrin levels. Additional studies with careful long-term follow-up will be needed to determine whether antrectomy eliminates the hypergastrinemia associated with enterochromaffin-like hyperplasia and leads to regression of disease.
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PMID:Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. 319 32

Neoplastic proliferations of neuroendocrine cells (NE) may occur throughout the entire GI tract but affect particularly appendix and ileum ("midgut carcinoids"), rectum ("hindgut carcinoids"), as well as stomach and the duodenum ("foregut carcinoids"). Only more exceptionally, they arise in the esophagus, jejunum and colon. The NE tumors encompass a heterogeneous gross and microscopic structural spectrum, ranging from inconspicuous microproliferations ("mucous membrane nevi") to bulky tumor masses. Their growth patterns are usually characteristic and easily recognized. In doubtful cases their NE differentiation becomes established by a characteristic silver affinity, by the ultrastructurally observed presence of characteristic "endocrine" secretion granules, and by immunohistochemically detectable occurrence of "pan-NE markers" (neuron-specific enolase, chromogranins, and synaptophysin), biogenic amines (mainly serotonin), and neurohormonal peptides. Foregut carcinoids usually contain serotonin, gastrin, and somatostatin, midgut carcinoids often only serotonin and tachykinins, whereas the hindgut carcinoids as a rule are multihormonal with a wide spectrum of hormonal peptides, including even insulin. Most GI NE tumors are found in the appendix (50%) and the ileum (30%). Practically all (98%) of the appendiceal NE tumors are benign. They have recently been proposed as arising from apparently Schwann-cell-related NE cells in the submucosa, whereas the ileal--and probably also all the other non-appendiceal NE tumors--are derived from the totipotential cells in epithelial crypts of the mucosa. Among the ileal NE neoplasms a large number can metastasize and result in a fatal outcome. The ability to metastasize is related to the size and to the multiplicity of the primary tumors at the time of initial diagnosis and, to some extent, to their histopathologic growth pattern. Now, some relationship between the prognosis and the cytochemically assessed nuclear DNA content of the NE tumor cells has also been established; not less than about 1/4 to 1/3 seem to be aneuploid. Almost 90% of the rectal carcinoids are benign. Exceptionally, a highly malignant NE neoplasms can arise from the colon/rectum--as well as from the esophagus--composed of NE cells of small and intermediate size. The NE tumors of the stomach are often composed of ECL (enterochromaffin-cell-like) cells; such ECL cell carcinoids are related to atrophic gastritis with pernicious anemia; experimentally, they can be induced by hypergastrinemia in rats. Duodenal carcinoids often contain psammoma bodies and can be associated with neurofibromatosis.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. 329 Aug 66

Mastomys is a rodent which has been reported to develop spontaneous antral endocrine tumors with acid hypersecretion and duodenal ulceration. This study documents the establishment of a breeding colony and the characterization of the tumors and their possible secretagogues. Parietal cell secretory characteristics were studied using isolated gastric glands (IGG) of both normal (n = 5) and tumor-bearing animals. Tumors (n = 6) and control gastric tissue samples were examined by light transmission microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay in both plasma and tissue. IGG were prepared by collagenase dispersion and acid sequestration assessed by [14C]AP accumulation. Secretory mechanisms of this species were identified by establishment of a histamine dose-response curve and use of 8-bromo-cAMP. Receptor and proton pump inhibitions were assessed using cimetidine (10(-5)M) and the H/K ATPase inhibitor omeprazole (10(-5]. Both reduced [14C]AP accumulation significantly (P less than 0.05). 8-Bromo-cAMP and histamine significantly stimulated [14C]AP accumulation (P less than 0.05). Although parietal cells were substantially increased in tumor animals as compared to controls, the physiological parameters of acid secretion appeared normal in both and were comparable to other species which have been studied. Tumors were Grimelius positive and contained diffuse electron-dense granules. Immunohistochemistry was negative for gastrin, bombesin, serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, calcitonin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Tumor histamine-like immunoreactivity was, however, positive. Normal stomach contained 1001 +/- 185 compared to less than 0.5 pmole/g gastrin in tumors. Plasma gastrin was normal in both groups (29 +/- 5) as compared to 26 +/- 8 pmole/liter. This study characterizes a spontaneous gastric endocrine tumor which is associated with apparent parietal cell hyperplasia and reports of increased acid secretion and duodenal ulceration. The observations are consistent with the elaboration by the tumor of a nongastrin acid-trophic secretagogue.
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PMID:Characteristics of the spontaneous gastric endocrine tumor of mastomys. 334 20

Five carcinoid tumors of the thymus were screened immunohistochemically for the occurrence of neuropeptides (ACTH, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, gastrin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P), as well as of serotonin, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase. Most of the patients exhibited local symptoms evoked by growing tumor masses in the upper mediastinum without any clinical evidence of endocrine activity. Light and electron microscopic examination showed characteristic uniform large epithelial cells in polar or palisade arrangement, containing variable amounts of electron-dense secretory granules. Only a few of the tested neuropeptide antisera reacted with the investigated tumors. Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cell populations were seen in all tumors. Expression of neurotensin could be observed in three neoplasms, two of which also exhibited ACTH immunoreactivity. Chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were found in two neoplasms. Neuron-specific enolase showed strong staining in three tumors, one of the tumors also being immunoreactive for calcitonin. The results were confirmed by control reactions. Apart from the demonstration that conventional marker proteins are not reliable in identifying all carcinoid tumors, the present study proves that the visualization of neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells in thymus carcinoids does not necessarily correspond to the manifestation of the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, each of the investigated neoplasms, as also known from other carcinoid tumors, appears to be able to produce more than one hormone.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumors of the thymus. An immunohistochemical study. 366 30

We present the first reported case (to our knowledge) of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma (GPG) to be associated with an underlying invasive adenocarcinoma. The patient, a 71-year-old man, presented with epigastric tenderness and was found to have metastatic adenocarcinoma in two regional lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the GPG demonstrated positive staining for gastrin, glial-fibrillary acidic protein, glucagon, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, S100 protein, somatostatin, and substance P. The clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features of GPG are discussed, with a review of the literature.
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PMID:Gangliocytic paraganglioma associated with duodenal adenocarcinoma. Case report with immunohistochemical evaluation. 380 Jun 4

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas from six female patients were studied using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to define better their histogenesis. The tumors ranged in diameter from 5 to 15 cm (average: 9 cm), and, on cross section, most had areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, sometimes extensive. Microscopically, there was a solid and pseudopapillary pattern, with tumor cells typically having ovoid nuclei with delicate folding and indistinct nucleoli. Of note were the following: a relatively low mitotic rate (range: 0-6/20 hpf), the presence of hyaline globules (four of six cases), and collections of foam cells (three of six cases). Staining for cytoplasmic argyrophil granules was negative in each case. Ultrastructurally, the solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas showed evidence of acinar or ductular differentiation. Two contained zymogen granules, one had intermediate filaments (probably keratin), and three had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Immunostaining was positive for chymotrypsin (six of six cases), trypsin (four of six), and amylase (three of six). None was positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, or insulin. The findings support an origin from exocrine pancreas, and follow-up indicates a low rate of malignancy, with local recurrence in two of the six patients.
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PMID:Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of six cases. 381 76

Twenty-seven cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) were studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and calcitonin was present in all tumors. The numbers of peptides and serotonin demonstrated in each case varied from one to eight. Bombesin was present in 18 of the 27 cases, serotonin in 15, leu-enkephalin in 8, somatostatin in 8, gastrin in 3, substance P in 1, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in 1, and ACTH in 1. Insulin and glucagon were not encountered in any of the tumors. Immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin was seen in five primary tumors as well as in one lymph node metastasis. The finding of concurrent production of calcitonin and thyroglobulin within the same tumor is enough to question the dogma of the separate origin of follicular cells and C-cells. We were unable to attach any clinical importance to the production of multiple peptides and/or amines.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an immunocytochemical study. 390 54

Cardiac paragangliomas are extremely rare neoplasms. Four surgically resected tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The patients ranged in age from 18 to 36 years. All patients had hypertension and elevated urine catecholamine levels. Three tumors were located on the posterior left atrium, and one tumor was located in the interventricular groove at the aortic root. The tumors ranged in size from 5 to 7 cm, and they displayed a prominent Zellballen pattern without significant necrosis or mitosis. The tumors were mostly unencapsulated and infiltrated adjacent cardiac tissue in two cases. Immunoperoxidase staining showed that all tumors were positive for chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. Three tumors were positive for methionine enkephalin. Positive staining for S-100 protein was seen in the sustentacular cells of all tumors but was negative in chromaffin cells. All tumors were negative for insulin, glucagon, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide, and rat atrial peptide. Ultrastructural studies of all four tumors showed moderate numbers of predominantly norepinephrine-type granules and a few epinephrine-type granules. These results show that cardiac paragangliomas are commonly found in close proximity to the left atrium and have immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features similar to other paragangliomas.
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PMID:Cardiac paragangliomas. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. 390 77


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