Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a consecutive material consisting of 24 stomachs resected due to adenocarcinoma, intestinal metaplasia occurred in 21. Gastrin-producing cells (G-cells) were found to be distributed in a sporadic manner in antra with intestinal metaplasia. Not a single G-cell could be demonstrated in areas with metaplasia, while in the nonmetaplastic areas the distribution of the G-cells corresponded to that of the middle part of the mucosa. This means, that an error can occur when determining the quantity of G-cells, and can explain the previous controversial results regarding the density of G-cells. Enteroglucagon containing cells (GLI-cells) on the contrary were demonstrated in areas with intestinal metaplasia in antra of 19 of the stomachs showing intestinal metaplasia but never in the nonmetaplastic mucosa. This indicated that metaplasia also includes the endocrine cells. The identification of the G-cells and the GLI-cells was carried out by means of indirect immunoperoxidase technique combined with alcian blue pH 2,6-PAS staining.
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PMID:Gastrin and enteroglucagon cells in human antra, with special reference to intestinal metaplasia. 29 92

A 45-year-old man was operated for surgical treatment of a long-standing peptic ulcer disease and upon inspection of the pancreas for suspected Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, tumor nodules were found in this organ. The tumor tissue examined by immunofluorescence showed specific staining only after incubation with anti-pancreatic polypeptide. Negative results were obtained with antisera directed against insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, GLI, VIP, secretin, and gastrin. Examination of the tissue by electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous population of small granule-containing cells. This case, therefore, illustrates a tumor composed of one single hormone-producing cell type and allows definition of the ultrastructural features of human pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells.
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PMID:Human islet cell tumor storing pancreatic polypeptide: a light and electron microscopic study. 37 22

We investigated the effect of gastrectomy on the digestive system in 87 postoperative long-term survivors under test meal or egg yolk load. After test meal, gastrin and secretin responses were decreased in each of groups of proximal gastrectomy (PG), distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I (DG-B1), that with Billroth-II (DG-B2), total gastrectomy with interposition (TG-I), and that with Roux-Y (TG-RY). However, sufficient acid-secretors after partial gastrectomy showed secretin responses comparable to controls. Furthermore, cases of total gastrectomy given betain-hydrochloride with test meal increased secretin responses. Serum glucose response was higher in the TG-RY group while insulin response was high in the TG-RY and DG-B2 groups, compared with controls. GLI response was high in all groups compared with controls. Postgastrectomy gallstone occurred in 11.6%. Yolk-induced contraction of the gallbladder was decreased, and CCK release increased, for several years postoperatively. Gallbladder contraction with CCK was reduced for one year postoperatively. The contraction was reduced in persons with gallstone than those without it. This study shows that the digestive function after gastrectomy depends on acidification and duodenal passage of food, and that reduced contraction with CCK plays an important role in hypokinesis of the gallbladder.
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PMID:[Effect of gastrectomy on release of gut hormones]. 194 81

To elucidate the role of bile and pancreatic juice in regulation of gut hormone secretion, an experimental study was performed creating models of biliary and pancreatic juice diversion in conscious dogs with reference to gastric acid and pancreatic exocrine secretions. The results were obtained as follows. 1) Diversion of bile from the duodenum to the jejunum, the ileum and urinary bladder (UB) did not affect the postprandial gastric acid and gastrin secretion, except slight suppression of gastric acid in model of bile diversion to the ileum and UB. 2) Postprandial GIP secretion was completely diminished and total-GLI secretion was significantly increased after bile diversion to the ileum and UB, whereas the jejunal diversion did not affect both GIP and total-GLI secretion. 3) A marked hypertrophy of pancreatic acinar cells was seen in conventional histopathological investigation and hyperfunction indicated by microelectroscopical findings was observed after bile diversion to UB with significant hypersecretion of CCK. 4) In the model of bile diversion to UB, hypersecretion of insulin was observed after intravenous glucose infusion test. 5) Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum to the jejunum induced significant postprandial hypersecretion of gastric acid and hyposecretion of GIP.
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PMID:[Role of bile and pancreatic juice in regulation of gut hormone secretion]. 194 85

The effects of ileo-jejunal transposition (IJT) on gastro-intestinal hormones and intestinal structure have been studied in 9 mongrel dogs. IJT was performed by isoperistaltic interposition of the distal fourth of the small bowel in the jejunum 15 cm distal from the ligament of Treitz. A test meal (carbohydrate- and fat-rich) loading was carried out in 5 dogs before and 4 and 12 weeks after the operation. Plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones (GLI, GI, GIP and gastrin) were measured by radioimmunoassay using the antibodies. The six mongrel dogs were used for the histological studies. Following IJT hyperenteroglucagonemia was observed, especially in postprandial state. An increase of the mucosal thickness in the whole intestine was observed after IJT. This suggested the possibility that enteroglucagon stimulates intestinal mucosal growth as a circulating hormone. Postprandial plasma GIP levels after IJT were significantly lower at the 90, 120 and 150 min after the test meal loading than those of the preoperative state. Plasma gastrin levels were no significant differences before and after surgery. These observations lead us to conclude that enteroglucagon may play an important role in intestinal adaptation mechanisms after IJT.
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PMID:[Effect of ileo-jejunal transposition (IJT) on gastrointestinal hormones and intestinal structure in dogs]. 260 17

The effect of biliary reconstruction on gastric acid secretion and gut hormones was studied. Canine models undergoing either surgical biliary diversion or jejunal exclusion were compared and the following results were obtained. The acid output from Heidenhain pouch after test meal loading remained in the same levels in the cholecystoduodenostomy (CD) group, the Thiry-Vella's fistula (TVF) group and the cholecystojejunostomy (CJ) group compared to the control group, while it decreased in the cholecystoileostomy group. The integrated gastrin response after test meal loading decreased in the CI group. The integrated total GLI response remained unchanged in the CD group and CJ group, but markedly elevated in the TVF group and CI group. The integrated GIP response decreased in the TVF group and no response was obtained in the CI group. The integrated GI response was almost the same in all groups. In conclusion, gut hormone secretion was found to be affected by jejunal exclusion and most strongly influenced by biliary diversion into the ileum. The present study also suggested that enteroglucagon had enterogastrone effect and that compensating mechanism existed among various gut hormones.
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PMID:[The influence of biliary diversion on canine gastric acid secretion and gut hormones]. 294 56

The prevalence of endocrine differentiation of conventional gastric adenocarcinoma was evaluated on the 212 cases (including 62 mucosal carcinomas) of consecutively resected stomach for adenocarcinoma in our hospital using anti-chromogranin A (CGA) antibodies. CGA-positive cells were found in 28 of 150 cases (18.7%) as an integral tumor component. In immunocytochemistry and electron microscopic examinations, we could classify these 28 cases into three groups according to the distribution patterns of CGA-positive cells. The first group consisted of 12 cases in which scattered CGA-positive cells were located in neoplastic glands. The second group consisted of six cases of scirrhous carcinoma in which CGA-positive cells were separated by fibrovascular tissue. The third group consisted of ten cases in which the positive cells were present in clusters. No definite correlation was recognized between the appearance of CGA cells and histologic types of predominance. In the analysis of the hormonal substances coexpressed by CGA-positive cells, immunoreactive serotonin (SER) was found most frequently, and somatostatin (SS), gastrin (GAS), glucagon/glicentin (GLU/GLI), and peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) like immunoreactivities were found in a few tumor cells. CGA-positive cells occupied limited parts of the tumors in most cases, and they were noticeably more frequent in advanced stage cases. This might explain why endocrine differentiation reflects the dysexpression of the neoplastic stem cells. Furthermore, absence of mitotic figures in this type of cell and negativity of a single colony composed exclusively of CGA cells in metastatic foci suggested that these cells are in a dormant phase and are probably postmitotic.
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PMID:Endocrine differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma. The prevalence as evaluated by immunoreactive chromogranin A and its biologic significance. 304 73

Pathophysiological effects following biliary tract reconstruction for benign biliary diseases were investigated from the standpoint of gastric acid secretion, metabolism of nutrients and gastrointestinal hormone release. Patients undergoing Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy showed a significant increase in maximum acid output at follow-up, although only one case of peptic ulcer was observed. In addition, the frequency of cases showing gastric acid hypersecretion was higher than for jejunal interposition hepaticoduodenostomy. Two kinds of test meals (carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich) were given, on different days, to each patient before and about four weeks after surgery. Plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones and glucose or triglyceride were determined. Fasting concentrations of gut hormones (gastrin, GIP, insulin and GLI) were similar to those before surgery, and increased after the ingestion of the test meals. Gastrin and total GLI levels tended to be higher in the Roux-Y than in the interposition group, and vice versa for both insulin and GIP. The changes in plasma glucose and triglyceride, following the Roux-Y procedure, suggest disturbances in carbohydrate tolerance, fat digestion, and in the anabolic phase of absorbed fat. Patients undergoing the Roux-Y procedure should be carefully followed up, since gastric acid hypersecretion induced by a postprandial augmented release of gastrin was observed.
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PMID:[Pathophysiology following biliary reconstruction procedures, with special reference to gastric acid secretion, peptic ulcer, metabolism of carbohydrate and fat, and gastrointestinal hormone release]. 318 85

To clarify the effect of ileo-jejunal transposition on intestinal mucosal height and gut hormones, canine models undergoing total colectomy either with transection of the small intestine (control group) or ileo-jejunal transposition (transposition group) were compared, and the following results were obtained. There was no difference in body weight between control group and transposition group 18 weeks after operation. Significant increase of mucosal height was observed in transposition group but not in control group. Plasma levels of total GLI were significantly higher in transposition group but not in control group, whereas a count of GLI secreting cell was not changed in both groups. Plasma levels of gastrin after test meal were lower in transposition group than in control group. These results indicated that ileo-jejunal transposition induces hyperenteroglucagonemia, which may play an important role in intestinal adaptation after colectomy.
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PMID:[The influence of ileo-jejunal transposition on intestinal mucosal growth and gut hormones after total colectomy]. 374 99

Gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormone responses to test meal or oral glucose were studied in totally gastrectomized patients (TG), subtotally gastrectomized patients with BI and BII, patients with pylorus preserving gastrectomy (PPG), a case of massive (4m 15 cm) bowel resection (MBR) and patients with pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), and compared to the pattern of healthy control subjects (HC). Plasma IRI, GIP and GLI responses to meal in TG and BII were significantly higher, and those in BI appeared to be higher than those in HC. In contrast, those hormonal patterns in PPG were similar to HC. Thus, it seemed that PPG was more physiological than any other gastrectomies in the viewpoints of GI hormonal patterns. In a case of MBR, plasma GLI response to oral glucose, expressed as peak/basal GLI, was significantly higher compared to HC. This higher GLI responsiveness together with remarkably high plasma gastrin level in this case might have a role in stimulating the adaptative changes found after MBR. IRI and GIP responses to oral glucose were impaired following PD without pancreatojejunostomy, while after operating pancreatojejunostomy, those responses restored in part which might suggest the significant role of the pancreatic juice into the jejunum in releasing mechanism of these hormones.
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PMID:[Gut hormone profiles after various types of gastrointestinal surgery]. 408 37


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