Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The 4K-prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) or bombyxin and the melanization-reddish coloration hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori resemble insulin and insulin-like growth factors. 2. The family of adipokinetic/red pigment concentrating hormones has some similarity with glucagon. 3. Members of the FMRFamide family are found in vertebrates as well as in invertebrates. 4. In Locusta, a molecule immunologically and biologically related to amphibian melanophore stimulating hormone has been partially characterized. 5. Enkephalins and enkephalin-related peptides occur in insects and other invertebrates. 6. Peptides belonging to the tachykinin family have been isolated from molluscan (Octopus) salivary glands and from insect nervous tissue (Locusta migratoria). 7. Invertebrate arginine-vasotocin homologs have been isolated from an insect (Locusta migratoria) and from a mollusc (Conus). 8. In Leucophaea, Locusta and Drosophila, peptides resembling those of the vertebrate gastrin/cholecystokinin family have been identified. 9. As the number of different neuro-/gut peptides with possible function(s) as hormone, neurotransmitter or neuromodulator is now estimated to be of the order of a few hundred, more similarities will probably show up in the near future.
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PMID:Homologies between the amino acid sequences of some vertebrate peptide hormones and peptides isolated from invertebrate sources. 218 89

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body. However, gastrointestinal hormones are not confined to the gut and many of them are delivered to their target tissue by neural and paracrine routes as well as the circulation. Regulatory peptide is therefore a more appropriate term than gastrointestinal hormone. The functions of these regulatory peptides include effects on intake, digestion and absorption of food, and changes in gut secretions, motility and growth. Since these peptides do not act alone but in concert it has been difficult to ascribe particular functions to individual peptides. However, the recent and on-going development of specific regulatory peptide agonists and antagonists has resulted in major advances in our understanding of the physiology of these peptides. In turn these findings are creating new therapeutic avenues providing some return from all the research on these gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. The somatostatin derivative (octreotide or sandostatin) is the most obvious example. Although only approved in Australia for treatment of carcinoids and VIPomas, the prospects include treatment of other gastroenteropancreatic tumours, acromegaly, idiopathic diarrhoea, fistula closure, dumping, and ERCP or post-operative pancreatitis. A new gastrokinetic agent, that acts via the motilin receptor, is undergoing trials for the treatment of impaired gastric emptying. The trophic effect of gastrointestinal peptides has clinical significance. For instance, gastrin antagonists inhibit cell proliferation of colon carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore the trophic effect of gastrin must be considered when potent gastric acid inhibitors, which cause a reflex increase in gastrin, are used. The outlook is for more mammalian regulatory peptides to be discovered adding further to the complexity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones: from basic science to a clinical perspective. 220 81

Chronic diarrhoea occurs in several endocrine gland disorders, largely in gut neuro-endocrine tumours, due to the release of various agents into circulation, which affect gastrointestinal function (Table I). In the strict physiological sense, these agents may be hormones (such as gastrin), paracrine substance (somatostatin), neurotransmitters or neuro modulators (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; VIP) or unknown agent(s) yet to be identified. For each of these syndromes or diseases (Table I), this review considers the characteristics of diarrhoea, its pathogenesis and the therapeutic aspects. The approach to the diagnosis of these syndromes, including localization of tumour tissue and the selection of appropriate anti-tumor treatment are also outlined.
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PMID:Endocrine diarrhoeas: current concepts. 221 45

The biological activity of natural chicken gastrins isolated from the "antrum"-like region of the chicken gut have been studied on gastric secretion in chickens, turkeys, and rats, pancreatic secretion in turkeys and rats, and gallbladder contraction in chickens and guinea pigs. Natural chicken gastrin was shown to be approximately 85% sulfated on the tyrosine that occurs at position 7 from the COOH-terminus. In both avian and mammalian systems, chicken gastrins were found to be potent stimulants of acid secretion but were virtually inactive as stimulants of pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction. Peptides with the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide amide of CCK and a sulfated tyrosine at position 7 from the COOH-terminus are usually potent stimulants of pancreas and gallbladder. However, although chicken gastrin has a CCK-like structure, it has a gastrin-like spectrum of biological actions. A proline immediately adjacent to the sulfated tyrosine may produce a steric effect that lowers the activity of chicken gastrin on pancreas and gallbladder. Evidently, then, the factors that determine specificity of action of CCK and gastrin are different in birds and mammals.
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PMID:Chicken gastrin: a member of the gastrin/CCK family with novel structure-activity relationships. 224 Feb 28

Previous studies of the relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer have produced conflicting results and have provided no definitive evidence of a mechanistic link between fat and breast tumorigenesis. We conducted a study to compare postprandial levels of prolactin (Prl), a hormone suspected of promoting the growth of some human breast cancer, and several gut hormones, i.e., gastrin (Gs), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin (Nt), and cholecystokinin (CCK), following high- and low-fat isocaloric test meals. Data were obtained in the posttreatment period from 13 patients with breast cancer (nine stage I and four stage II), who were disease free clinically, and nine healthy controls. Subjects admitted to the research unit on 2 days were given the high-fat meal on day 1 and the low-fat meal on day 2. Blood samples were drawn before (i.e., fasting) and after test meal consumption. All hormone analyses were performed by radioimmunoassay. Results indicated a significant rise in postprandial Prl levels for stage II patients, but not for stage I patients or the controls. Postprandial Gs levels were also elevated, whereas VIP levels were markedly reduced in patients versus controls; these differences were most marked in stage II patients. No significant intergroup differences were noted in postprandial levels of Nt and CCK. Hormone levels of patients and controls did not differ between the test meal situations, which indicated that some other component of the test meals might have been responsible for altered Prl and Gs levels. The differences observed between the stage I and II patients indicated that diet may influence the aggressiveness of tumor behavior and development through alterations in postprandial hormone release.
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PMID:Postprandial levels of prolactin and gut hormones in breast cancer patients: association with stage of disease, but not dietary fat. 235 41

This study was designed to determine the specificity and physiological nature of short-term satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats with intact and transected vagal nerves. Rats with-the gastric fistulas, closed or open, were used for normal feeding or sham feeding of liquid meal offered for 30 min. CCK-8 (0.5-10 nmol/kg) injected intraperitoneally (ip) 15 min before feeding inhibited food intake dose dependently in both normal-fed and sham-fed rats at a minimal inhibitory dose of 1 nmol/kg. CCK-8 at the same doses caused a potent stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion, reaching maximum at a dose of approximately 0.5 nmol/kg. Pretreatment with a potent CCK receptor antagonist, L-364,718 (2.5 mg/kg ip), increased food intake during normal feeding (but not sham feeding) and almost completely blocked the satiety and pancreatic stimulatory effects of CCK. When feeding was preceded by intragastric administration of proteinase inhibitor (Foy-305, 200 mg/kg), food preload, or diversion of bile-pancreatic secretion to the exterior, there was a significant increase in the plasma level of CCK and an inhibition of food intake by about 36, 78, and 25%, respectively. Pretreatment with L-364,718 completely abolished this inhibition by Foy-305 and bile-pancreatic diversion and reduced that caused by food preload. Among other gut peptides given ip (10 nmol/kg) only bombesin reduced food intake, whereas gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide YY (PYY) were ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cholecystokinin receptors and vagal nerves in control of food intake in rats. 230 70

We have purified an acidic octapeptide from the neural ganglion of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis by a three-step procedure including C18 Sep-Pak fractionation, MonoQ ion-exchange chromatography, and C4 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purification was monitored by an immunoassay specific for the alpha-carboxyamidated COOH terminus common to the mammalian brain-gut hormones, cholecystokinin and gastrin. Automated Edman degradation revealed the sequence Asn-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe. In accordance with the high acidity of the peptide, amino acid analysis after cleavage with aminopeptidase M showed that both tyrosyl residues are sulfated. Hence, the structure is Asn-Tyr(SO3)-Tyr(SO3)-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, as also confirmed by identity with the synthetic disulfated peptide in different chromatographic systems. The occurrence of two consecutively sulfated tyrosyl residues after a neutral residue challenges present concepts of consensus sites for tyrosyl sulfation. We conclude that the structure of the peptide, named cionin, suits that of a common ancestor for cholecystokinin and gastrin.
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PMID:Cionin: a disulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinin and gastrin from the neural ganglion of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis. 230 39

Chromogranin A (Cg A) is a protein that is coreleased with peptide hormones from gut endocrine cells and tumors. Plasma levels of Cg A, pepsinogen group I, and gastrin were measured in 31 patients with gastrinoma. Mean Cg A level in 10 patients with gastrinoma who were not operated on was 169 +/- 32 ng/mL, while in 9 control patients it was 28 +/- 5 ng/mL. In 18 patients with gastrinoma with residual tumor after total gastrectomy, the mean Cg A level was 45 +/- 6 ng/mL, and in 10 patients with normal gastrin levels after total gastrectomy and tumor excision, the mean Cg A level was 40 +/- 4 ng/mL. In 7 patients in whom pregastrectomy and postgastrectomy Cg A levels were measured, the mean reduction was 94 +/- 27 ng/mL, or 66%. There was no correlation between Cg A levels and amount of tumor, presence of metastases, or multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome. There was a significant correlation between Cg A and pepsinogen I levels but no correlation between Cg A and gastrin levels. The results suggest that the elevated plasma Cg A levels in patients with gastrinoma are determined primarily by the trophic effects of gastrin on gastric enterochromaffinlike cells rather than by corelease from the gastrin-producing tumor itself.
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PMID:Source of plasma chromogranin A elevation in gastrinoma patients. 232 9

Receptors for the brain and gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) have been classified into two classes, CCK-A and CCK-B. To date, peptide analogues with selectivity for the CCK-B receptors have been identified, and selective antagonists for CCK-A and CCK-B receptors have been reported as well; until now, there have been no reports of highly selective CCK-A agonists. Herein we describe the properties of A71378 [desamino-Try(SO3H)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-(N-methyl)Asp-Phe-NH2], a highly selective CCK-A receptor ligand. Characterization of A71378 was carried out in the guinea pig pancreas, cortex, gastric gland, and ileum, as well as in NCI-H345 cells. The IC50 values of A71378 for the pancreatic CCK-A, cortical CCK-B, and gastrin receptor were 0.4 nM, 300 nM, and 1,200 nM, respectively. A71378 proved to be a potent agonist in eliciting pancreatic amylase secretion (EC50 = 0.16 nM) and ileal muscle contraction (EC50 = 3.7 nM). In contrast, A71378 was relatively weak (EC50 = 600 nM) in mobilizing intracellular calcium from NCI-H345 cells, which express CCK-B/gastrin receptors. The high potency and selectivity of A71378 for the CCK-A over CCK-B and gastrin receptors is unprecedented among CCK peptides. Studies on CCK-7 analogues indicate that N-methylation of the Asp residue is responsible for the observed selectivity for CCK-A receptors. This discovery of a selective CCK-A agonist should prove valuable for studies aimed at understanding the physiological roles of CCK-A receptors in the brain and periphery.
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PMID:A71378: a CCK agonist with high potency and selectivity for CCK-A receptors. 233 77

Although the histological features and endocrine cells of the gastro-intestinal tract of the chicken have been well studied, little is known about these features of the gut of the ostrich. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the histology and peptide-storing endocrine cells of the ostrich. As a rule the histological features of the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich corresponded to that of the fowl. However, certain differences were observed. The superficial proventricular glands were simple, branched tubular glands, while the deep proventricular glands were restricted to a slipper-shaped area and extended into the muscularis mucosae. The gizzard had a variably developed muscularis mucosae, a feature that seems to be unique to the ostrich. The villi of the small intestine were long and branched profusely, forming a labyrinthine surface. No Paneth cells were observed. The mucosa of the ceca and the first part of the rectum was thrown in large circular folds, forming a compressed spiral. Numerous melanocytes were seen in the submucosa and the connective tissue around the bloodvessels of the muscle layers at the tips of the ceca. A well developed subserosa was present throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Endocrine cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and pancreatic polypeptide were detected in the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich. The topographical distribution of those endocrine cells immunoreactive to glucagon, bombesin, neurotensin and substance P differed from that of the chicken. The results of this investigation inferred that at least one of the gut peptides of the ostrich (secretin) to be structurally different from its counterparts in mammal and chicken. Molecular heterogeneity of somatostatin was observed in endocrine cells situated in the deep ventricular glands of the ostrich.
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PMID:A light microscopic and immunocytochemical study of the gastrointestinal tract of the ostrich (Struthio camelus L.). 233 97


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