Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In man, only little is known about the site of origin of satiety signals within the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to examine the role of the stomach and the small intestine as a source of satiety signals. 8 overnight fasted healthy volunteers received intraduodenal (100 or 200 ml/h) or intragastric (100 ml/h) infusions of a mixed liquid diet (Biosorb) or iso-osmolar saline, respectively. 20 minutes after start of the infusion, standardized mini-sandwiches and water were presented and food intake was recorded for the ensuing 90 minutes. During both rates of intraduodenal nutrient infusion, cumulative food intake was identical to that during saline infusion. However, during intragastric nutrient infusion, cumulative food intake was significantly reduced compared to saline infusion (30 +/- 1 vs. 36 +/- 2 sandwiches; p less than 0.05). These data indicate that food consumption in man is reduced, if initiation of eating is preceded by nutrient administration into the stomach, but not into the duodenum. This effect does not appear to be mediated by gastrin, since plasma gastrin levels were not different during gastric and duodenal nutrient administration. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the generation of satiety signals in man is dependent on the presence of food in the stomach. Food only in the duodenum has no effect, although synergistic gastric and intestinal mechanisms can as yet not be excluded.
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PMID:Effect of intraduodenal or intragastric nutrient infusion on food intake in man. 177 44

In this study 150 male and female albino rats were divided into 5 groups (30 per group) for control (physiological saline) 4, 6, 8 and 10 micrograms.kg-1 b.wt. intraperitoneal injection of crude porcine gastrin, after 12 h fast. All the animals were given normal rat chow and drinking water following the injection of crude gastrin. It was found that the crude gastrin administered significantly decreased food intake by 21.7, 25.4, 29.8 and 32.0% at gastrin doses of 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. respectively (P less than 0.01, t-test). Suppression of food intake was significantly correlated with dose of gastrin r = -0.984 (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that crude gastrin suppresses food intake in rats and many act as a satiety factor in these animals.
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PMID:Suppression of food intake by porcine gastrin (possible role as satiety factor). 180 77

Although associated primarily with the cardiovascular system, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has been found to increase the magnitude of duodenal contractions and may play a role in salt and water absorption across gastrointestinal epithelium. Because secretory diarrhea and increased peristalsis are commonly associated with conditions related to hypergastrinemia, we examined an animal model of hypergastrinemia (fundusectomy) to evaluate a possible role for ANF. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either fundusectomy or sham operation. Circulating levels of gastrin (1085 +/- 105 vs 59 +/- 5 pg/ml), ANF (209 +/- 50 vs 59 +/- 10 pg/ml), and pro-ANF 1-98 (786 +/- 80 vs 599 +/- 49 pg/ml) were elevated significantly 3 months after fundusectomy versus control animals. The increased levels of ANF and pro-ANF 1-98 correlated with the increased gastrin levels (p less than 0.05). Tissue content of ANF and pro-ANF 1-98 were determined at sequential sites in the stomach and small intestine. In normal rats ANF concentrations were greatest in the small intestine; pro-ANF 1-98 content was similar in all tissues except ileum (increased). In rats that underwent fundusectomy, ANF and pro-ANF 1-98 were markedly increased in duodenum compared with all other tissues. Only duodenum showed a difference in peptide levels between normal rats and rats that underwent fundusectomy, (ANF, 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs 16.7 +/- 2.3 ng/gm; pro-ANF 1-98, 0.6 +/- 0.3 vs 51.2 +/- 36.1 ng/gm). Circulating ANF and pro-ANF 1-98 are increased in rats that have undergone fundusectomy. Our results suggest that duodenum may be the source of these increased levels.
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PMID:Atrial natriuretic factor: a possible new gastrointestinal regulatory peptide. 183 70

A single intake of mineral water Essentuki 17 by male Wistar rats (n-130, b. w. 180-250 g) leads to stress reactions. It is evident from elevated levels of ACTH, hydrocortisone, leuenkephaline, glucagon and gastrin. Course intake of the water brings about a rise in most of the hormones levels studied. However, single doses of Essentuki 17 inhibit production of hormones in the adrenals, hypophysis, hypothalamus, the system of endogenic opiates. The enhancement of relevant levels are noted in the gastroenteropancreatic system.
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PMID:[The adaptation reactions in hormonal systems to the internal use of mineral waters]. 183 21

The hormone gastrin plays an important role in the regulation of acid secretion in the stomach which, in turn, stimulates the digestion of food. Previous studies reported that administration of beer and wine but not ethanol and spirits increases gastrin secretion in fasting volunteers. It is not known whether alcoholic beverages combined with a normal meal have an additional effect on the postprandial gastrin response. We therefore measured the gastrin response in eight volunteers who received either alcoholic beverages (40 g alcohol) in the form of beer, red wine or spirits, or mineral water as control in combination with a dinner. Two glasses were drunk before the meal, two glasses during the meal. Plasma gastrin concentrations were twofold increased at one hour after the dinner as compared to predinner values. However, no additional effect of beer, wine or spirits on this postprandial response was seen. The present study does not support the hypothesis that the consumption of beer or wine during a meal has a positive effect on the release of gastrin and therefore most probably does not contribute to an improved digestion of food by stimulation of acid secretion.
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PMID:Do alcoholic beverages have an additional effect on the postprandial gastrin response in humans? 187 75

The susceptibility to cancer in the vagotomized stomach which was assigned either to selective vagotomy (SV) or selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) was studied by gastric carcinoma model of male Wistar rat on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) administration. Predilection for cancer of the remnant stomach was also studied. Four groups of the rats submitted to either one of the SV, SPV, antrectomy (Billroth-I reconstruction) or control (simple laparotomy) group, were prepared. The techniques of SV and SPV in rat was originally developed. MNNG in drinking water was given as carcinogen. Gastric acid output, gastric stasis, serum gastrin levels together with the number and the invasiveness of the atypical glands those were recognized in the glandular stomach of rats were examined. The results were as follows: (1) the reduction rate of gastric acid output was the most conspicuous at antrectomy group followed by SV and SPV groups, (2) gastric stasis was observed in almost the same degree in SV and SPV groups, (3) serum gastrin level was the highest in SV group followed by SPV, control and antrectomy groups in this order and (4) the susceptibility to malignancy was significantly high at SV group but not high at SPV and antrectomy group as compared with control group.
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PMID:[Experimental study on carcinogenesis in the vagotomized stomach]. 188 70

Intake of naftusia mineral water influences insulin, glucagon and gastrin secretion measured in patients with chronic acalculous cholecystitis in the following manner: initial low insulin and glucagon, normal gastrin levels rise; initial elevated gastrin and normal glucagon lower at the start of the treatment. The course of naftusia crenotherapy resulted in adaptation to water intake as evidenced by normalization of high gastrin, low glucagon levels in minimal rise of insulin.
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PMID:[The effect of a course of naftusia water intake on the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system]. 192 98

Continuous haemofiltration (CHF) mimics physiological glomerular filtration. Blood flows through a haemofilter, which is permeable to water and to all those substances not bound to plasma proteins, of up to about 6,000 d molecular weight. Ten to twenty liters of ultrafiltrate (UF) can be filtered daily. Solute concentration in this UF is very similar to that in plasma water. Because of the large volumes involved, the UF must be replaced continuously with an electrolyte solution. Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances can thus be easily and rapidly corrected. There are different techniques of CHF. Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH) avoids the use of an external blood pump, as the patient's own arterial pressure is used to drive the blood through the filter via a large-bore arterial catheter. On the other hand, continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) requires the use of a blood pump with a pressure alarm and an air bubble detector. Supplementary diffusive transport [CAVH(D),CVVH(D)] can improve the clearance of low molecular weight toxins, such as urea. In these techniques, there is a continuous flow of dialysate in the UF compartment of the haemofilter. One of the major problems with CHF is the anticoagulation of patients who are at risk of developing haemorrhagic complications. Unfractionated heparin is used most often, but other drugs have been used: low molecular weight heparin, prostacyclin, nafamostat, or sodium citrate. The neutralization of heparin has also been suggested. Because the fluid balance can be easily managed by CHF, patients in acute renal failure can be given standard intravenous feeding. Many small endogenous molecules, such as gastrin, are probably removed by CHF. However, most drugs have a molecular weight less than 6,000 d, and are not totally protein-bound. They are therefore likely to be ultrafiltered, and so, become inefficient. As a result, the drugs used should be adapted to the haemofilter, and vice versa. More than any extracorporeal circulation, CHF increases the incidence of bacterial blood contamination, because of its continuous use. Routine blood cultures should be carried out. Moreover, blood is cooled during its passage in the extracorporeal circuit, leading to hypothermia. There are some devices which prevent this. Renal function can be completely replaced with the production of 12 to 15 l UF a day. CHF must be started early on in the course of the renal failure. When the concentration of blood urea is greater than 40 mmol.l-1 diffuse transport must also be used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Continuous hemofiltration: an extrarenal filtration method used in intensive care]. 192 60

Hybrids of the double-chain bis-cystinyl fragment 225-232/225'-232' of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with the human little-gastrin sequence 2-17 were found to induce in animals a strong antigastrin humoral immune response with antibody titers comparable to those raised with conventional gastrin/carrier-protein conjugates. The observed gastrin receptor-like specificity of the polyclonal antibodies led to the assumption that the gastrin component of the hybrids is still capable of folding into its preferred bioactive structure and thus to express a similar conformational epitope in the dynamic process of recognition by the B-cell receptors. CD measurements on these hybrid compounds in aqueous and aqueous organic media confirmed the free conformational space for the antigenic gastrin moiety, which is essentially randomly coiled in aqueous solution but retains its ability to fold into the gastrin-specific ordered structure in aqueous organic media as used to mimic the water-limited environment of peptides while interacting with target cells at receptor level. The absence of reciprocal conformational restriction in such hybrid molecules suggests that a compact, rigid heterodetic cyclic structure as the hinge peptide is well suited for the multiple attachment of antigenic sequences in view of the preparation of fully synthetic immunogens.
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PMID:Synthetic immunogens. Part IV: Conformational studies on gastrin conjugates with the human immunoglobulin G1 hinge peptide 225-232/225'-232'. 193 60

A membrane fraction containing H,K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.36) was prepared from pig gastric mucosa and found to contain phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) activities. Washing the membranes decreased their protein content by 25%. Recovery profiles of H,K-ATPase, phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase were similar for membranes washed either with water or with 0.15 or 1.5 M KCl. Nearly identical distribution profiles were obtained for the three enzyme activities after centrifugation of washed vesicle membranes on a linear sucrose gradient. The phospholipase A2 activity was stimulated by calcium and increased further in the presence of calmodulin. The amount of cellular radioactively labelled lysophosphatidylcholine was doubled upon cholinergic stimulation of isolated parietal cells prelabelled with [3H]glycerol or 32Pi. The liberated lyso[32P]phosphatidylcholine had its acyl chain in the sn-1 position, which implies an activation of a phospholipase A2. These findings indicate that secretagogues which increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, i.e. acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin, may activate a phospholipase A2 in the parietal cell.
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PMID:Occurrence of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase in a gastric H,K-ATPase-containing membrane fraction, and the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine in stimulated pig parietal cells. 196 31


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