Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01350 (gastrin)
 9,683 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of an amino acid mixture given intraduodenally or intravenously to stimulate gastric secretion is compared in healthy subjects and in duodenal ulcer patients. Graded amounts of amino acids by both routes produced a similar increase in acid output in healthy subjects, reaching about 30% of the maximal response to pentagastrin. Serum gastrin concentrations remained virtually unchanged but serum alpha amino acid nitrogen levels were about twice as high with intravenous as with intraduodenal administration. Intravenously administered amino acids produced a significantly higher acid output in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, but did not produce a significant increase in gastric acid or pepsin secretion when combined with a pentagastrin infusion as compared with pentagastrin alone. Cimetidine (2 mg/kg/h) added to intravenous amino acid infusions caused almost complete suppression of acid secretion. This study indicates that amino acids are capable of stimulating gastric secretion after intraduodenal and after intravenous administration. The response to the latter is significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, does not appear to involve gastrin release, is not affected by pentagastrin, and is strongly suppressed by histamine H2-blocker.
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PMID:Comparison of intraduodenal and intravenous administration of amino acids on gastric secretion in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. 36 9

In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of phenformin, eleven juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetic subjects underwent four different treatment regimens during standard breakfast tests. These four treatments were: control (no insulin or phenformin); insulin alone (15 U regular insulin administered subcutaneously one-half hour before breakfast); phenformin alone (50 mg of the timed-release capsule given twice daily for three days before the study and two and one-half hours before breakfast on the day of study); and phenformin plus insulin (in the amounts and at the times stated above). Phenformin was found to decrease postprandial hyperglycaemia significantly when compared with control values, and its addition to insulin further decreased the postprandial glucose rise below that found with insulin alone (p less than 0.005). These effects were associated with a reduction in early (30-min) postprandial hyperglucagonaemia (p less than 0.05). Triglyceride levels, gastrin secretion, growth hormone levels, and increments of alpha-amino nitrogen were not affected by phenformin. Thls, suppression of postprandial hyperglucagonaemia may be an additional mechanism in the reduction of postprandial hyperglycaemia after phenformin.
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PMID:Plasma glucagon suppression by phenformin in man. 90 74

We evaluated effects of duodenojejunal (DJ) feeding on gastric pH and selected gastrointestinal hormones in 13 randomly selected patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). To obtain baseline values for gastric pH, a nasogastric (NG) tube was placed in each patient and gastric pH was measured every 30 minutes for 2 hours. To obtain control values, a Dobbhoff tube was placed fluoroscopically and 0.45 percent saline solution (NaCl), 75 ml, was infused for 1 hour and gastric pH was measured again; the previously placed NG tube was left in position. Then, by randomization, either 0.45 percent NaCl (pH = 5) was continued (n = 6) or a high-nitrogen, isotonic, enteral feeding solution (Osmolite HN, pH = 6.4) (n = 7) was infused, both at 75 ml/h. Gastric pH was noted hourly for 96 hours; antacid (Maalox TC, 15-ml aliquots) was given by NG tube when the pH was 4 or less. After 96 hours, the infusion was stopped and gastric pH was noted for 4 additional hours. Before and during initial saline solution infusion; after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of continuous infusion; and 4 hours after stopping the infusion, peripheral venous blood was obtained for measurement of plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and serum gastrin. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (RMD), Fishers' exact test, and the unpaired t-test. Groups did not differ demographically. Throughout the infusion, gastric pH tended to be higher with the enteral feeding solution than with saline solution, but this was significant only at 24 hours. Less antacid was required with the enteral feeding solution at 24 and 48 hours than with saline solution. Plasma GIP levels were significantly higher with the enteral feeding solution than with saline solution during most of the infusion. Serum gastrin levels did not differ between the groups. In this cohort, infusion of the enteral feeding solution tended to maintain a gastric pH of more than 4 and was associated with increased plasma GIP levels, which may inhibit gastric acid secretion. Early enteral feeding may benefit certain ICU patients.
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PMID:The effect of duodenojejunal alimentation on gastric pH and hormones in intensive care unit patients. 154 Nov 80

The function of G cells has been mainly evaluated by serum gastrin. A different analytical approach considers the direct determination of gastrin levels (ng/g of wet tissue) in perendoscopic biopsies, but, up to now, the results are contradictory. In the present study we evaluated, by means of a RIA method, the concentration of gastrin (ng/g of protein nitrogen) in homogenized gastroduodenal biopsies in 127 patients with peptic ulcer and in 12 dyspeptic patients. The results demonstrated: 1) a significant gradient of gastrin concentrations among the different anatomical sites, according to the distribution of the G cells; 2) a correlation with serum gastrin levels; 3) a good equivalence of gastrin content in adjacent biopsy specimens. This preliminary report indicates that it is possible directly quantitate tissue levels of gastrin by means of an accurate and simple method.
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PMID:[Gastrin tissue levels in patients with peptic ulcer: a different methodological approach]. 207 83

Metabolic effects of a trickle challenge with the equivalent of 10,000 infective Ostertagia ostertagi larvae per day were investigated in 12 calves allocated to infected, pair-fed control or ad libitum-fed control groups. Changes in hormone levels reflecting abomasal, pituitary and pancreatic function were monitored using radioimmunoassay techniques previously validated for use in cattle. A range of metabolic profile parameters and blood metabolites was also measured. Feed intake of the infected calves began to decline as blood gastrin and pepsinogen levels reached a peak. The depression in appetite recorded in this group was responsible for significant increases in plasma urea and non-esterified fatty acid levels and associated with an increase in growth hormone/insulin ratio. No significant difference in glucagon levels was recorded between groups. A decline in blood albumin values was also shown in the infected group and associated with a drop in nitrogen digestibility. A significant depression in circulating calcium levels was related to either the hypoalbuminaemia or impaired mineral absorption in the intestine. A decrease in plasma cholesterol values in the infected group was associated with changes in digestive function.
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PMID:Ostertagia ostertagi infection in the calf: effects of a trickle challenge on the hormonal control of digestive and metabolic function. 259 87

The postprandial release of immunoreactive insulin, glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) was studied in parallel with the absorption of sugars and amino acids in conscious pigs. Six pigs fitted with permanent catheters in the portal vein and arterial blood system as well as within an electromagnetic flow probe around the portal vein received successively at 3-day intervals, three meals of 800 g each containing 0, 14, or 28% protein (semisynthetic diets based on fish protein). Blood samples were collected and portal blood flow was recorded during a postprandial period of 8 h. For the same level of feed intake, an increase in the dietary protein concentration led to a higher alpha-amino nitrogen absorption and to a lower appearance of reducing sugars in the portal vein; in addition, the carbohydrate absorption efficiency (amounts absorbed as a percentage of amounts ingested) was reduced, showing the competition between the absorption of amino acids and glucose. The largest absorption occurred during the first 4 h after the meal, but neither the digestion of proteins nor that of carbohydrates were finished 8 h after the meal since portoarterial differences could still be observed. All test meals induced a rise of portal and peripheral concentrations of insulin, gastrin, somatostatin, and PP, and of the systemic level of GIP. Glucagon increased after the 28% protein meal only. The rise of plasma insulin paralleled that of blood glucose, and bore a significant positive relationship to the systemic GIP level in the early postprandial period. In terms of absolute amounts, portoarterial concentration gradients increased postprandially. Insulin release was significantly the highest after intake of the 14% protein diet. The gastrin response was significantly correlated to the amount of protein. Similarly the release of glucagon and somatostatin tended to increase with increasing dietary amount, but differences failed to reach significance (P less than 0.05), except for glucagon 2 h after the meal. There were very close relationships between the hourly amounts of alpha-amino nitrogen absorbed and gastrin and glucagon production, as between insulin and PP secretions. From the present results, the induction of physiological increments of plasma peptide concentration in 60-kg pigs would require infusion rates of about 50-250 micrograms/h for insulin, 1-4 micrograms/h for gastrin 17, 5-10 micrograms/h for glucagon and somatostatin, and 5-50 micrograms/h for PP.
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PMID:Metabolic and hormonal effects of test meals with various protein contents in pigs. 286 30

Responses of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), gastrin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to a test meal and also nutrient absorption were measured in five healthy men before and after 1, 3 and 7 weeks of daily ingestion of 20 g of wheat bran added to a normal balanced diet. Basal levels of the three hormones were not affected by bran ingestion. Bran ingestion induced a progressive decrease of GIP response to the test meal which became significant after 7 weeks at 30 min (373.9 +/- 71.4 vs 231.1 +/- 47.8 pg/ml, mean +/- s.e.m., P less than 0.05) and at 180 min (389.4 +/- 43.9 vs 262.2 +/- 37.9 pg/ml, P less than 0.01). Gastrin release did not change except for a slight but not significant decrease after 3 weeks. There was no VIP secretion after meal ingestion and addition of bran caused no change. Blood glucose response decreased with time with the greatest effects during the third week with fibre at 30 min (5.00 +/- 0.50 vs 7.38 +/- 0.05 mmol/l before bran), and at 60 min (3.88 +/- 0.34 vs 5.94 +/- 0.27 mmol/l before bran, P less than 0.05). Wet and dry weight of faeces increased by at least 60 per cent from the first week with bran onwards. Faecal nitrogen and fat also increased from 1.77 +/- 0.16 to 2.44 +/- 0.13 g/d for nitrogen (P less than 0.02) and threefold for fat (from 3.78 +/- 0.58 to 10.35 +/- 0.67 per cent dry weight, P less than 0.005) at the third week. Fat and nitrogen contents remained higher until the end of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Long-term influence of a wheat-bran supplemented diet on secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and on nutrient absorption in healthy man. 300

This study compares the prophylactic effects of two different diets and routes of feeding on restraint stress-induced gastric erosions in the rat. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were food-deprived and immobilized for 24 hours using a steel wire mesh. A small silicone tube was placed into either the proximal jejunum or the stomach via a laparotomy. There were three groups of ten rats (five jejunum-fed, five stomach-fed), receiving infusions (50 ml/24 h) of: (A) normal saline; (B) free amino acids (Vivonex HN, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals) (60 cal and 0.318 G nitrogen); or (C) a peptide diet, with the nitrogen source as lactalbumin hydrolysate, otherwise identical to B. Gastric acidity was measured every 4 hours. At 24 hours, blood was collected and serum gastrin levels determined. The animals were then sacrificed and the stomachs examined. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Fewer gastric erosions and lower serum gastrin levels and gastric acidity were found in animals fed diets B and C, versus animals fed normal saline (p less than 0.05). There was no difference between groups B and C. Our results also show that enteral diets using the jejunal route are better than those using the gastric route in reducing the incidence of stress-induced gastric erosions in rats.
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PMID:Efficacy of enteral diets in the prevention of stress-induced gastric erosions in rats. 310 49

The effects of an elemental-enteral diet administered by a needle catheter jejunostomy or central total parenteral nutrition were prospectively studied in 15 patients undergoing abdominal operations. Infusions were started 1 day after operation and continued for 7 to 10 days. The two nutrient modalities were matched to deliver equal amounts of nitrogen and calories. Both promoted positive nitrogen balance and preserved body weight and serum proteins (albumin, transferrin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein). Both enteral and parenteral nitrogen caused a similar increase in plasma insulin levels. Pancreatic glucagon, total glucagon, gastrin, and pancreatic polypeptide were also maintained at similar levels in both groups. Plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels declined in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition but remained stable in the patients who were fed enterally. Both routes caused modest, inconsequential elevations in liver enzymes, but were otherwise equally safe. Patients tolerated total parenteral nutrition far better in the early postoperative period. Patients whose needs are great are probably better treated by total parenteral nutrition. Needle catheter jejunostomy feeding, however, is much less expensive. These studies do not support the commonly held belief that enteral nutrition is a more efficient route for administration of calories and protein.
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PMID:Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in gastrointestinal surgery. A matched prospective study. 391 21

Fifteen patients with chronic renal failure (serum creatinine level greater than 5 mg/dl) of long duration (more than 2 years) requiring hemodialysis were studied. Blood samples before and after 4 hours of hemodialysis were assayed for creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, potassium, calcium, glucose, insulin, gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, motilin, and neurotensin levels. Before dialysis, serum gastrin was minimally increased whereas gastric inhibitory polypeptide and pancreatic polypeptide were grossly increased compared with normal fasting values. Hemodialysis produced no changes in serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, motilin, and neurotensin. Slight increases in serum insulin and gastrin levels may have occurred secondary to a dialysis-induced increase in the serum calcium level. The kidneys appear to be a major site of inactivation of insulin, gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and pancreatic polypeptide. The gastrin level, although elevated in renal failure patients, may be suppressed by very high circulating levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.
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PMID:Chronic renal failure: effect of hemodialysis on gastrointestinal hormones. 615 Jun 57


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